ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] kx'Frsf] clwsf/ tyf ckfËtfd}qL ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf jf/]df lgdf{0f sDkgLx?, l8hfO{g/ jf OlGhlgo/x?df r]tgf hufcf}+ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
d'Vo
;dfrf/
8f]6Lsf
k'/fgf kqsf/ e§ ;Ddflgt
lalaw
sfo{qmd u/L dgfO{of] k|yd /fli6«o kqsfl/tf lbj;
k|yd /fli6«o
kqsfl/tf lbj;sf] ca;/ kf/L 8f]6Lsf k'/fgf kqsf/ d]3/fh e§nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 .
lg/+s'z k~rfotL zf;gsfnsf] a]nf
e§n] 8f]6Lsf] lbkfonaf6 @)$! ;fndf ælbkfon ;Gb]z ;fKtflxsÆ klqsf k|sfzg u/]sf
lyP . lalaw sf/0f pQm klqsf b'O{ jif{ dfq ;~rfng eO{ aGb ePsf] lyof] . skNn]sL
ufla;–! lgjf;L e§nfO{ 8f]6L lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L s]zjk|;fb cfrfo{n]
bf];Nnf cf]8fP/ ;Ddfg u/]sf x'g .
cfkm' ;Ddflgt ePsf]df v'zL JoQm
ub}{ e§n] cfof]hsnfO{ wGojfb lbPsf 5g .
;f] cj;/df pgn] lautdf kqsfl/tf If]qdf nfUbf cfkm'n] ef]u]sf ;d:ofx?sf] :d/0f ub}{ kqsf/x?n] lgZkIf, lg8/ / lg:jfyL{
eP/ sfd ug'{ kg]{ jtfP . æplxn] k|zf;gsf] k|To]If lgb]{zgdf sfd ug'{ kYof]{,
pgLx?n] rfx] cg';f/sf] dfq} ;dfrf/ aflx/ Nofpg' kYof]{Æ e§n] eg] …clxn] k|];
:jtGqtf 5, o;sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .Ú
;f] cj;/df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
cfrfo{n] ;~rf/–sdL{x?sf y'k|} ;d:ofx? /x]sf jtfpFb} cfkm'n] ;~rf/sdL{x?sf]
;xof]usf nfuL ;Sbf] kxn ul//x]sf] jtfP . …;~rf/sdL{x? cfkm} lardf klg lajfb
/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvof], of] laafb ldnfpg'xf];\Ú cfrfo{n] eg] …kqsf/ eg]sf]
/fHosf] rf}yf] c+u xf], /fHosf cGo c+ux?nfO{ ;'–;"lrt / vj/bf/L ug{ ;Sg'
k5{ .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] b}lgs klqsf
uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg ;'? ePsf] lbgsf] cj;/ kf/L ;/sf/n] a}zfv @$ ut] k|yd /fli6«o
kqsfl/tf lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o u/] cg'?k 8f]6Ldf pQm lbj; ltglbg;Dd lalaw sfo{qmd
ul/ dgfO{Psf] 5 . ;f] cj;/df a}zfv @# ut] 8f]6L c:ktfndf /x]sf la/fdLx?nfO{
kmnkm'n lat/0f / c:ktfn xftfsf] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} @$ ut]
dfWoflds:t/Lo cGt/laBfno xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . @%
ut] laxfg k|eft km]/Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] lbp;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf af]Nb} clwsf+; aQmfx?n] kqsf/x?
lgZkIf x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . ;xeflux?n] ;~rf/sdL{x? /fhgLlts cfj/0fdf
/x]sf, s'g} kf6L{sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dfrf/nfO{ klg k|sfzg gug]{ / s'g} kf6L{sf]
;fdfGo ;dfrf/nfO{ klg d'Vo ;dfrf/ jgfP/ k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP .
;xeflux?n] s]xL ;~rf/sdL{x?
;dfrf/sf] laifonfO{ lnP/ cfly{s df]ndf]nfO{ ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t cf/f]k nufPsf lyP . cfufdL lbgdf kqsfl/tf If]qdf z'l4s/0f
ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;xeflux?n] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .
sfo{qmddf g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3
8f]6L zfvfsf k"j{ cWoIf 6]s]Gb| b]pjfn] sfo{kq k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L cfrfo{sf]
;lqmotfdf dgfO{Psf] pQm lbj;sf] cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf / lhNnf
lasf; ;ldlt 8f]6Lsf sfo{qmd clws[t 6]sjxfb'/ v8\sfsf] ;~rfngdf ePsf] lyof] .
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'v÷ k|ltlglwx?, ;/sf/L tyf u};;sf
k|ltlglwx?, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?, ;~rf/sdL{x? nufotsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] .
;DkfbsLo
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L
x]/] k'U5
xfdL cfw'lgs
a}1flgs pks/0fx?sf] laZjdf 5f}+ . a}1flgs pks/0fx?n] laZjJofkL ufpF cyf{t
…Unf]an len]hÚ sf] cjwf/0ffdf sfd
ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} cjwf/0ff cg';f/ g]kfn klg cuf8L al9/x]sf] cj:yf xf] . To;}n]
cj oxfF laZjsf s'g} klg s'gfdf h] eO{/x]sf] 5, Tof] xfdL t'?Gt} yfx kfpg] cj:yf
;[hgf ePsf] 5 . of] Pp6f /fd|f] kIf xf] . a}1flgs ;dfhafbdf pknJw pks/0fx?sf]
e/k'/ ?kdf k|of]u u/L pTkfbgdf a[l4 ug'{ / ;'zf;fg sfod ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf]
.
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ xfdL
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf c+lusf/ u/]/ cuf8L al9/x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] cy{ xf]
xfdL nf]stflGqs clwsf/x?sf] e/k'/ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5f}+ . s'g} larf/sf] ;dy{g ug{
kfpg', la/f]w ug{ kfpg', ef]6 xfNg kfpg', g]tf x'g kfpg' / hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/jf6
tnj vfg]x?n] v'Nnd\v'Nn /fhgLlt ug{ kfpg' dfq} nf]stGqsf] kl/efiff xf]O{g xf]nf
. /fd|f] s'/fsf] ;dy{g ug'{ / unt
s'/fsf] la/f]w ug{ kfpg' klg nf]stGqsf] Ps laz]iftf xf] . oxL laz]iftf cGt/ut
/x]/ ;~rf/sdL{x?n] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g . t/, b'ef{Uo eGg'
k5{ cfkm'nfO{ cJjn bhf{sf 7fGg] s]xL dxfg'efjx? ;dfrf/ k|sf;zg tyf k|;f/0f ePdf
…x]/f}+nfÚ, …b]vf}+nfÚ, …xfd|f] klg kfnf] cfpnfÚ h:tf zJb k|of]u ub}{5g /] .
csf{ s]xL y/L 8]9 cSsn]x? kmnfgf] kqsf/ xfdLk|lt …g]u]l6eÚ 5 eg]/ cf}+nf
78\ofpFb} lx8\b}5g /] . cfkm\gf] lhDd]af/L k'/f ug'{sf] ;§f ;dfrf/ k|sfzg tyf
k|;f/0f ug]{ ;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ x]g'{sf] s'g} cy{
x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L x]/] x'G5, Tof] lhDd]jf/L k'/f eof] ls ePg
Tof] x]/] x'G5 .
s'g} ;dfrf/ unt ;Dk|]if0f ePsf]
5 eg] pQm ;dfrf/ v08g ug]{ clwsf/ 5, ;dfrf/ la?4 k|]; sfplG;n g]kfndf hfg]
clwsf/ 5, Gofofno hfg] clwsf/ 5 . Tof] af6f] k|of]u gu/L …x]/f}+nfÚ eGg'sf] cy{
s] x'G5 < cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f gug]{ clg ;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ t;f{pgsf nflu
…x]/f}+nfÚ, …g]u]l6e eof]Ú, …xfd|f] af/]df o:tf] t gn]Vg' kg]{ xf]Ú eGg'sf]
s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g . ;~rf/sdL{x? cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ul//x]sf 5g, ug]{5g .
lglZrt ?kdf ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] klg y'k|} sdLsdhf]/Lx? x'g ;S5g . b'u{d If]qdf sfd
ug'{ kg]{, ;~rf/ r]tgfsf] lasf; geO{;s]sf] ;dfhdf s]xL l;ldttfleq /x]/ sfd ug'{
kg]{ ePsf sf/0f ;d:of 5 .
k6s k6s ;~rf/sdL{x?n] ;dfrf/df
df]ndf]nfO{ u¥of], 3'; vfof] h:tf cf/f]kx? ;fj{hlgs ?kd} nfUg yfn]sf 5g . xfdL
ckLn u5f{}+, To:tf] s'g ;~rf/sdL{ xf] gfd gfd];L ;lxt ;fj{hlgs ug'{xf];\ . h;/L
cGo If]qsf] laifodf ;dfrf/ k|sfzg Pj+ k|;f/0f x'G5 ;dfrf/df df]ndf]nfO{ ug]{
;~rf/sdL{x?sf laifodf klg xfdL To;/Lg} ;Dk|]if0f x'g]5 . cGoyf ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f
ePsf] e/df s'g} ;~rf/sdL{nfO{ wDsfpg'sf] cy{ x'Fb}g .
;~rf/sdL{x? s'g} JolQm jf
;+:yfsf :yfoL ldq / ;q' xf]O{gg\ . pgLx? 36gfsf] cfwf/df ;q' jf ldq x'g ;S5g .
Tof] ;q'tf jf ldqtf ;w}+e/L sfod} /xFb}g . To;}n] ;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ :yfoL ;q' jf
ldqsf] ?kdf x]g'{ ePsf] 5 . csf]{ s'/f kqsf/x?n] gsf/fTds s'/f dfq} n]Vg] ub{5g
eg]/ cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cn]Vo ?kdf /fHosf] rf}yf] c+u eGg] eGg] ul/G5
;~rf/ If]qnfO{ . /fHosf c+ux?
Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfx?af6 ePsf sdLsdhf]/L cf}NofO{lbg] sfd klg
;~rf/sdL{x?sf] xf] . h'g b]zdf ;sf/fTds eGbf gsf/fTds sfo{ a9L x'G5, ToxfF
gsf/fTds g} a9L cfpg] xf] . o;df cflQg' kg]{ s]xL 5}g .
yk ;dfrf/
;'kdf Ps
jif{df $( sf] xTof
@)&@ ;fn a}zfv
b]lv r}q;Dd ;'b"/klZrdf~rn lasf; If]qdf $( hgfsf] xTof ePsf] 5 .
;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qLo
k|x/L sfof{no lbkfonn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ o; cjwLdf ;'b"/klZrd If]qdf
@% dlxnf / @$ k'?ifsf] xTof ePsf] 5 . xTofsf 36gf ;j}eGbf a9L s~rgk'/ lhNnfdf
ePsf k|x/Lsf] tYofFsn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf gf} dlxnf / ^ k'?if u/L !%
hgfsf] xTof ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L s}nfnLdf rf/ dlxnf / Ps k'?if
u/L kfFr hgfsf] xTof ePsf] 5 . 8f]6Ldf tLg dlxnf / tLg k'?if u/L ^ hgf, aemfËdf
b'O{ dlxnf / ^ k'?if u/L cf7 hgf / afh'/fdf b'O{ dlxnf / rf/ k'?if u/L ^ hgfsf]
xTof ePsf] tYofFsn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o:t} c5fddf b'O{ dlxnf / Ps k'?if u/L tLg hgf,
88]Nw'/fdf Ps dlxnf / Ps k'?if u/L b'O{ hgf, bfr'{nfdf b'O{ dlxnf / b'O{ k'?if
u/L rf/ hgf / a}t8Ldf b'O{ dlxnf / Ps k'?if u/L tLg hgfsf] xTof ePsf] ;f]
sfof{non] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
o:t} o; cjwLdf Hofg dfg]{
pBf]udf @# d'4f bfo/ ePsf 5g . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] Hofg ;DjlGw dxnsf] !% g+=
df Hofg dfg]{ dg;fon] uf]nL rnfpg] jf ad xfGg] jf 3fts xltof/n] sf6\g] jf
dfg{sf nflu c¿ h'g;'s} s'/fsf] pBf]u u/L dg]{;Ddsf] sfd u/]sf]df s'g} sf/0fn]
Hofg dg{ kfPsf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sfd ug]{ / ug{ nufpg] tyf ;f] 7fpFdf u} arg lbg]
jf d2t ug]{nfO{ kfFr jif{b]lv afx| jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cjwLdf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]udf
klg ;j}eGbf a9L d'4f s~rgk'/ lhNnfdf k/]sf 5g . s~rgk'/df b'O{ dlxnf / ;ft
k'?if u/L ;ft hgfdfyL Hofgn]jf cfqmd0f ePsf] 5 . o:t} s}nfnLdf b'O{ dlxnf / rf/
k'?if u/L ^, aemfËdf Ps dlxnf / rf/ k'?if u/L kfFr afh'/fdf Ps k'?if /
bfr'{nfdf b'O{ k'?ifsf] Hofg dfg{ vf]h]sf]df d'4f btf{ ePsf If]qLo k|x/L
sfof{nosf] ;"rgf zfvfn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
la/fdLsf
eujfg ;/sf/sf cf/f]kL
gSsnL k|df0f kqwf/L
lrlsT;s ePsf] cf/f]kdf d'4f v]lk/x]sf 8f ;'lht >]i7nfO{ 8f]6L k'jL{ rf}sLsL xl/gf af]u6L la/fdLsf
eujfg dflG5g\ . ;f]djf/ cfkm\gf] gftLsf] pkrf/sf nflu 8f]6L c:ktfn k'u]sL
xl/gfn] 8f ;'lhtnfO{ vf]lhg .
c:ktfnsf :jf:YosdL{–x?n] pgnfO{
gSsnL 8fS6/ ePsf] cf/f]kdf k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/]sf] eGbf pgn] laZjf;} ul/gg\ .
cfkm' l;ls:t la/fdL eP/ c:ktfn cfpFbf 8f ;'lhtn] ;DemfPsf] / pkrf/ u/]sf] s'/f
;Demb} xl/gf elG5g\ …o:tf] t g'x'g kg]{ xf] .Ú
8f ;'lht 8f]6L / cf;kf;sf
lhNnfaf;L clwsf+;n] lrg]sf] gfd xf] . lrg]sf] gfd dfq} xf]O{g, ;Ddfg u/]sf],
dfof u/]sf], cfz u/]sf] gfd klg xf] of] . t/, ltg} JolQm Ps dlxgf a9L y'lgP .
pgnfO{ gSsnL 8fS6/ ePsf] cf/f]k nfUof] .
@)$! ;fndf sf7df08f}+sf]
efg'eQm d]df]l/on laBfnoaf6 k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf ;'lhtnfO{ pgsf a'jfsf]
8fS6/ jgfpg] 7'nf] /x/ lyof] . To;}n] lqe'jg laZjlaBfnosf] c:sn ;fO{G; SofDk;df
pgn] cfO{ P:;L afO{nf]hL ;d"xdf k|j]z k/LIff lbP / ;kmn klg eP . cfO{ P:;L
pQL0f{ klg eP pgL t/ lalzi7 >]0fLdf pQL0f{ x'g ;s]gg\ . pgL eG5g\ …kl/jf/sf]
cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ lyof], z'Ns lt/]/ PdlalaP; ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg, k|yd
>]0fLn] dfq} 5fqa[lQ kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf ePg, To;}n] d}n] k9fO{ ug{ ;lsg .Ú
t/ pgsf] d]l8sn k]zfk|ltsf] ?rL
d/]g . pgL a'jfsf] ;fyLsf] kmfd]{;L k;ndf uP/ sfd ug{ yfn] . pgn] kmfd]{;L ;DjlGwt tflnd lnP/ cfkm} kmfd]{;L
Joj;fo ;'? u/] . la:tf/} pgn] sf7df08f}+sf yfgsf]6df kf]nLlSnlgs klg ;~rfng u/]
;fyLx?;+u ldn]/ . cfkm}n] ;'? u/]sf]
kf]nLlSnlgsdf :jf:YosdL{x?n] Jojxf/k|lt pgnfO{ lgs} cfqmf]; cfpYof] . …pgLx?n]
la/fdLx? k|lt u/]sf] Jojxf/ dnfO{ dg gkg]{, xKsfpg], ufnL ug]{, 7f8f] efiff
k|of]u ug]{ uy]{Ú ;'lht eG5g\ …cfkm} PdlalaP; u5'{ / la/fdLsf] ;]jf u5'{ eGg]
;f]r]/ k9\g] of]hgf jgfP .Ú
@)^( ;fndf PdlalaP; u/L g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;naf6 lnO{g] k/LIff klg
pQL0f{ u/] pgn] . b'u{ddf uP/ ;]jf ug]{ O{R5f hfUof] pgnfO{ . pgL ef]hk'/ uP/
sfd ug{ yfn] . ef]hk'/df a:bf pgn] lgs
;fO{dg eGg] ;+:yfsf] laifodf hfgsf/L kfP . pQm ;+:yfsf] p2]Zoaf6 k|efljt eP/ pgn]
cfkm' klg sfd ug]{ O{R5f hfx]/ u/] . lgs ;fO{dgn] pgLnfO{ @)&) ;fn efb|df
8f]6L c:ktfn k7fof] . b'O{ jif{sf nflu 8f]6L cfPsf ;'lht @)&@ c;f/df cGt
hfg' kg]{ lyof] t/ 8f]6Lsf ;~rf/sdL{, gful/s ;dfhn] pgnfO{ ot} a:g cfu|x u¥of]
. pgL Ps jif{sf nflu km]/L /f]lsP .
cfpbf] c;f/;Dd pgL 8f]6Ld} a:y]
t/ pgnfO{ kmfu'g @) ut] g} k|x/Ln] y'gfdf /fVof] . pgnfO{ lrlsT;ssf] k|df0f kq
lbg] g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nn] pgsf] k|la0ftf k|df0f kq tx -cfO{ P:;L_ sf] z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kq gSsnL ePsf] eGb} k|x/LnfO{ vj/ u¥of] . k|x/Ln] pgnfO{
lgoGq0fdf lnO{ sf7df08f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf d'4f btf{ u¥of] . clxn] pgL #! nfv w/f}6Ldf l/xf ePsf 5g . d'4f clxn] klg
rln/x]sf] 5 . lqe'jg laZjlaBfnon] u/]sf] laB'tLo clen]vdf pgsf] k|df0f kq
e]l6b}g .
8f ;'lht eG5g\ …d;+u Tolta]nf
k/LIff lbPsf k|j]z kq ;d]t ;'/lIft 5g, To;}n] dnfO{ of] d'4f d lhT5' eGg]
k"0f{ laZjf; 5 .Ú
8f ;'lht ;fFrf] af]Gb}5g of
e'm6f Tof] t Gofofnon] km};nf unf{ g} t/, 8f]6L a:bf;Dd pgL la/fdLsf eg] lk|o
g} /x] . pgn] la/fdLsf] /fd|f] ;]jf u/] . 8f]6L c:ktfndf cfpg] la/fdLx?n] clxn]
klg ls t 8f ;[hgf uf}rgsf] vf]hL u5{g ls 8f ;'lhtsf] . To;f] t c:ktfndf /x]sf
cGo lrlsT;sx? klg sd cg'ejL 5}gg\ . pgLx?
la/fdLx?k|lt nugzLn eP/ ;]jf lbO{/x]sf 5g t/ olt nfdf] ;do a;]/ sfd
u/]sf eP/ xf]nf ;[hgf / ;'lhtnfO{ ;j}n] a'em\g] / lrGg] cj;/ kfP .
5f]/Lsf] pkrf/sf nflu 8f]6L
c:ktfn k'u]sf 8f]6L lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsf–@ sf d's'Gb /fgf eG5g …k|df0f kq
gSsnL xf] ls ;SsnL xf] eGg] s'/f t xfdLnfO{ yfx ePg t/ pxfFn] lbPsf] ;]jf eg]
;SsnLg} lyof] .Ú la/fdL;+usf] Jojxf/, pgsf] v6fO{ cflbn] ubf{ pgL Ps O{dfgbf/
k]zfsdL{ x'g eGg] cfkm'nfO{ nfu]sf] pgL atfpF5g .
o:t} 8f]6L lwsf{df08f}+sf 6]s
af]x/f eG5g …pxfFn] la/fdLsf] w]/} Vofn ug'{ x'GYof], pxfFsf] Jojxf/,
lhDd]jf/Lkg x]bf{ t pxfF gSsnL k|df0fkq–wf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf] .Ú o:t} krgfnL
ufla;–^ sf z]/jxfb'/ dNn klg 8f ;'lhtn] lbPsf] ;]jfsf] k|;+;f u5{g . pgL eG5g\
…Jojxf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf lx;fjn] x]bf{ pxfFsf] To:tf] xf]nf eGg] ;f]Rg} ;lsGg .Ú
8f]6L c:ktfndf sfo{/t
:jf:YosdL{x? klg 8f ;'lht /fd|f] JolQm ePsf] jtfpF5g . :jf:YosdL{x?;+u klg pgL
ldng;f/ /x]sf] pgLx?sf] egfO{ 5 . …s'g} la/fdLsf] s'?jf gcfPsf] eP pxfF cfkm}
la/fdLsf nflu vfgf NofO{lbg' x'GYof]Ú Ps :jf:YosdL{n] elgg\\ …w]/} v6\g'
x'GYof] la/fdLsf nflu .Ú 8f]6Ldf a:bf 8f ;'lhtn] hl6n k|;'lt ;]jf, zNolqmof
;]jf, alx/+u ;]jf, cfktsfnLg ;]jf nufotsf ;]jf lbPsf lyPsf lyP .
la/fdLsf] gh/df pgL eujfg ePklg
sfg'gsf] gh/df clxn] cleo'Qm ePsf 5g . pgL cfkm' ;xL 5g jf pgnfO{ nfu]sf]
cf/f]k k|dfl0ft eP/ pgL ck/fwL x'g] of] x]g{ eg] d'4f km};nf x'Fbf;Dd s'g'{
kg]{ 5 .
vfB clwsf/
;DjlGw uf]i7L ;DkGg
…vfB clwsf/sf ;jfn
/ ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] e'ldsfÚ laifos Ps lbg] uf]i7L cfO{tjf/ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;d lasf; s]Gb| -O{l8;L_
8f]6Lsf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg ePsf] pQm uf]i7Ldf vfB clwsf/sf ;jfndf ;~rf/sdL{x?n]
yk snd rnfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf cf}NofO{Psf] 5 . uf]i7Ldf 8f]6Ldf u'0f:t/lxg / Dofb
gf3]sf vfBa:t'x? a9L laqmL lat/0f x'g]
u/]sf]k|lt ;xeflux? ;j}n] lrGtf JoQm u/]sf 5g .
;DjlGwt lgsfon] ahf/sf] lgoldt
?kdf cg'udg gul/lbFbf t/fO{sf Jofkf/Lx?n] Dofb gf3]sf] ;fdu|L kxf8df k7fpg]
u/]sf] kqsf/ 6]s]Gb| b]pjfn] jtfP . o:t} 8f]6Ldf l;+rfO{ cefj /x]sf sf/0f klg
hgtfsf] vfB clwsf/;'/lIft x'g g;s]sf], s[ifsx? cfw'lgs k|lalwx?sf] sdL,
s[ifsx?nfO{ ;dod} dnvfbsf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg', s[ifsx?n] pTkflbt a:t'x?n] ahf/
kfpg g;Sg' h:tf vfB clwsf/sf ;jfnx? /x]sf uf]i7Ldf cf}NofO{of] .
;f] cj;/df o'/f]lkog o'lgog /
8fg rr{ P8sf] cfly{s tyf lkmofg g]kfn / lnj8{sf] k|flalws ;xof]udf O{l8;Ln]
;~rfng ul//x]sf] lbuf] s[lif lasf; kl/of]hgf cGt/ut vfB clwsf/sf] If]qdf ePsf
ultlalwx?sf] af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf al/i7 s[lif lasf;
clws[t 8f tk]Gb| zfxLn] hgtfsf] vfB clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] e'ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf sf/0f ;jfnx? klxrfg u/L lg/Gt/ snd rnfpg cfu|x u/] .
pgn] eg] …;~rf/sdL{x?n] o; laifonfO{ yk ulDe/ laifosf ?kdf lnO{ o;df laz]if
?kdf snd rnfpg' k5{ .Ú
;"of{ nfOkmsf] k'g{tfhsL tflnd
;DkGg
;"of{ nfOkm
OG:of]/]G; sDkgL lnld6]8 8f]6L zfvfn] cfkm\gf clestf{x?nfO{ lbPsf] k'g{tfhsLo
tflnd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
sDkgL lahg]z x]8
sla km'ofFnsf] k|d'v cflyTo / zfvfsf k|aGws u0f]z l;+ ;fFpbsf] ;efWoIfdf ;DkGg
ePsf] xf] . la= ;= @)^$ ;fn r}t ^ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;"of{ nfOkm OG:of]/]G;
sDkgLn] xfn ^& lhNnfx?df zfvf sfof{nox? :yfkgf u/L sfd ul//x]sf] lahg]z x]8
km'ofFnn] atfP .
xfdLn] hgtfx?;+u
htL g} s'/f ug{ ;Sof], htL ;"of{ nfOkm OG:of]/]G; sDkgLsf] af/]df a'emfpg
;Sof] Tolt g} laldtx? agfpg ;lsg] sDkgLsf dfs]{l6ª Dofg]h/ lbg]z v8\sfn] atfP .
pgn] eg], …ladf agfpgsf] nflu cfkmGtx?af6 g} ;'? ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf l5d]sL,
gft]bf/, Oi6ldqx?4f/f g} ;'?jft ug'{k5{ . To; kl5 dfq xfdL laldtx? agfpg ;S5f}+
.Ú
v8\sfn] eg], …OR5f
/fv]/ d ;S5' eGg] nIo /fVof] eg] ;a} s'/f ;Dea x'G5 .Ú To;}n] xfdL ;a} ldn]/
pHhn elaZosf] nflu ladf eg'{ / e/fpg clt g} cfjZos /x]sf] atfP .
tflnddf k|lzIf0f
lbb} hLjg ladf ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] hlt a9L laldt agfpg ;Sof[ cfkm\gf]
cfDbfgLnfO{ w]/} w]/} a9fpg ;lsg] sDkgLsf ln8 6«]g/ 6's axfb'/ /fgfn] atfP .
sDkgLsf zfvf k|aGws
u0f]z l;+ ;fFpbn] g]kfndf gf}j6f ladf sDkgL ePklg ;a} eGbf 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/}
laldtx? agfP/ sDkgL kmfObfdf uPsf] s'/f hfgsf/L lbP . ;fFpbn] eg], …g]kfndf o:sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] gf} aif{ k'Ug nfUof], o;n] sDkgLsf nufgLstf{sf] C0f c;'n u/]/
kmfObfdf uO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;df 3f6fsf] s'/f g;f]Rb} x'G5 .
of] OG:of]/]G;
sDkgLdf sfd ubf{ w/} kmfObf ePsf] clestf{ 8an axfb'/ ;fFpbn] atfP . clestf{
;fFpbn] eg], …d}n] t Ps dlxgf d} yfONof08 3'Dg] df}sf kfP . hlt laldtx? agfof],
Tolt g} cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 .
cfqmf]l;t eO{g
:jf:Yo k|d'v
…d ;?jf eP/ hfG5',
lxDdt 5 eg] tF cfkm\gf] dfG5] NofP/ cf, clg sfd u/f g . d klg laefudf a;]/
x]5'{ t]/f] dfG5]n] s;/L sfd ubf]{ /x]5 eGg] s'/f .Ú
8f]6L lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no
k|d'v l/tf e08f/L -hf]zL_ n] lalxjf/ sfof{no k|fË0fdf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf
lhNnf pkfWoIf axfb'/ l;+x v8\sfnfO{ xKsfO{g . v8\sfn] e08f/LnfO{ :jf:Yo sfof{no
k|d'v eP/ klg lhDd]jf/L k'/f gu/]sf] jtfPkl5 cfqmf];df cfPsL e08f/Ln] elgg\
æd}n] u/]sf] sfd gb]Vg], dnfO{ cf/f]k dfq} nufpg], To;f] eP d oxfF Pslbg klg
a:b}g .Ú hjfkmdf v8\sf klg kl8\sP . pgn] eg] …tkfO{ h:tf w]/} cfPsf klg x'g,
cfpg] klg 5g, tkfO{ hfg'xf];\ oxfF csf]{ dfG5] cfpF5 .Ú pgn] csf]{ dfG5] Nofpg]
lxDdt cfkm'n] /fVg] klg bfjL u/] .
…tkfO{ o;} lhNnfsf] dfG5],
tkfO{ sfof{no k|d'v eP/ cfPkl5 xfdLn] 7'nf] cfz u/]sf lyof}+ t/ tkfO{n]
c:ktfnsf] cj:yf emg bogLo agfO{ lbg' eof]Ú v8\sfn] e08f/LnfO{ eg]sf lyP . oxL
jfSodf cfqmf];df cfPsL e08f/Ln] ?b} elgg\ …d}n] w]/} ;sf/fTds sfd u/] t/ dnfO{
s;}n] klg ;fy lbPgg\ .Ú pgn] ;~rf/sdL{x? ;d]t cfkm\gf] la?4df /x]sf] eGb}
cfnf]rgf ul/g .
k|yd /fli6«o kqsfl/tf lbj;
dgfpg] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ 8f]6Ldf ltg lbg;Dd pQm lbj; dgfpg] qmddf lalxjf/
laxfg 8f]6L c:ktfnsf] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpFb} c:ktfn k'u]sf
8f]6Lsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L s]zjk|;fb cfrfo{n] la/fdLx?sf] k|of]usf nflu
agfO{Psf] zf}rfnosf] lg/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf] b'b{zfFkl5 c:ktfn ;/;kmfO{sf]
cj:yfsf] ax; ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
c:ktfn b'u{lGwt eO{/x]sf] laifo
;~rf/dfWoddf p7]klg kfgLsf] cefj b]vfpFb} lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no / c:ktfn
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt klG5b} cfPsf lyP . c:ktfnsf la/fdLx?n] zf}r ug{sf nflu klg ldg/n
jf6/sf] af]tn lsGg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tTsfn l;nu9L
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfof{nosf k|d'v /fd wfdLnfO{ af]nfP/
kfgLsf] cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnP .
hjfkmdf wfdLn] eg] …c:ktfnnfO{ k|To]s lbg cf7 xhf/ ln6/ kfpg] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
Tof] kfgL c:ktfndf g/fv]/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgjf;df aUg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5,
c:ktfnleqsf] kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf c:ktfns} xf] .Ú wfdLn] lhNnf :jf:Yo
sfof{no / c:ktfnn] s/Lj kfFr nfv ?k}ofF ;ldltnfO{ lbg afFsL /xFbf klg cfkm'x?n]
kfgL cfk'lt{ jGb gu/]sf] :ki6 kf/] .
nfdf] laafb / axzkl5 :jf:Yo
k|d'v hf]zLn] c:ktfnsf] ;/;kmfO{ u/fpg] lhDdf cfkm\gf] gePsf] atfO{g . pgn]
elgg\ …c:ktfn lasf; ;ldlt 5, Tof] ;ldltn] sfd u/]g, clg To;sf] bf]if d]/f]
6fpsf]df cfof] .Ú
ef/t hfg]sf] tYofFs
/flvg]
8f]6Ldf /f]huf/Lsf]
l;nl;ndf ef/t hfg]x?sf] clen]v /flvg] ePsf] 5 .
8f]6Lsf :yfgLo lasf; clwsf/L
af;'b]j /]UdLn] /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ef/t hfg]x?sf] tYofFs yfx kfpgsf nflu
ufpF lasf; ;ldltnfO{ clen]v /fVg lgb]{zg lbg] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g . lhNnfaf6 ef/tdf
slt hfG5g eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} hfgsf/L gx'g] ePsf sf/0f cj ufpF lasf; ;ldltn]
clen]v /fVg] /]UdLn] jtfP . pgn] h]7 $ ut] x'g] ufla; ;lrjx?sf] a}7sdf cfkm'n]
;j} ;lrjx?nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] jtfP .
/fli6«o aftfj/0f tyf ;d lasf;
;dfh -lg8\;_ g]kfnn] 8f]6L lhNnfsf cf7 ufpF lasf; ;ldltx?df ;~rfng ul//x]sf]
cfk|af;L sfdbf/x? / dfgj a]rlavg k|efljtsf clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g / ;fdflhs
;]jfdf kx'Fr la:tf/ kl/of]hgf cGt/ut u/]sf] cWoogn] !^ b]lv $% aif{ pd]/
;d"xsf %* k|ltzt k'?ifx? ef/t / kfFr k|ltzt t]>f] d'n's hfg] u/]sf]
b]vfPsf] 5 . pQm cWoogn] kl/of]hgf If]qsf ufla;x?af6 b'O{ dlxnf / $) k'?if
ef/tdf j]kQf ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
ef/tdf uP/ x/fpg]sf] ;+Vof w]/}
ePklg o; laifodf lhNnf JofkL cWoog eg] ePsf] 5}g . ef/tdf hfg] s]xL ;dokl5
;Dks{lalxg x'g] ;d:of b]lvPsf]n] ef/tdf hfg] g]kfnLx?sf] tYofFs /fVg' kg]{
b]lvPsf] :yfgLo lasf; clwsf/L /]UdLn] jtfP . lhla; 8f]6Lsf sfo{qmd clws[t
6]sjxfb'/ v8\sfn] j8f gful/s d~r / gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|x?df ef/tdf hfFbf clgjfo{
?kdf ufla;df clen]v hgfP/ dfq hfg ;'emfj lbg] aftfj/0f jgfO{Pg] jtfP .
8f]6Lsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
ef/tdf uP/ x/fpg] g]kfnLx?sf] tYofFs ;+sng ug'{ kg]{ larf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g . pgn]
o; af/]df ;d'bfodf klg r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ jtfP .
kl/of]hgf cGt/ut gful/s
;r]tgfsf nflu lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] k|lzIffnodf 6]lnlehg h8fg ul/g] ePsf] 5 .
pQm 6]lnlehgjf6 a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DjlGw ;Gb]zx? k|;f/0f ul/g] jtfO{Psf] 5 .
5f]6sf/L ;dfrf/
;Ddfgn] u¥of]
kl/jt{g
8f]6L lhNnfsf
laleGg ufla;x?df ;]jfaf6 al~rt ePsf ;d'bfodf gahft lzz' / afnaflnsfx?nfO{ x'g
;Sg] /f]ux?sf] vt/faf6 aRg ;kmn ePsf 5g .
;f];{ g]kfn 8f]6L cGt{ut ;Ddfg
kl/of]hgfn] lhNnfsf s]xL ufla;x? g} afnaflnsf tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf ;DalGw pHofnf]
agfPsf] ;f];{ g]kfnsf nfn axfb'/ lasn] atfP .
k6s k6s sfd u/]sf ufla;x?df
larlardf cg'udg ub}{, hgr]tgf hufpb} cfPsf] ;Ddfg kl/of]hgfsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs
czf]s hf]zLn] hfgsf/L lbP . pgn] eg], …kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;+:yfut ;'Ts]/L ;]jf la:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ;'Ts]/L dlxnfx?
Aoyf ;'? ePkl5 lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nodf g} k'Ug' kb{Yof] . To;df klg nfdf] af6f]
lx8]/ cfpbf sltko afRg ;kmn x'g] / sltko dlxnfx?n] aLr af6f] d} Hofg u'dfpg
k'Uby] . xfn cfP/ ufla;x?df ufFp3/ lSnlgsx? :yfkgf u/]kl5 :yfgLox?n] w]/}
;'lawf kfPsf] 5 .Ú
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6LsL
al/i7 hg:jf:Yo clws[t /Ltf e08f/L hf]zLsf cg';f/, …xfdLn] sfd ubf{ ;a} ;+3
;+:yfx?, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? ldn]/ sfd ubf{
;kmn x'G5f}+ . To;}n] Psn] csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ugf{n] lasf;sf sfdx? klg
;lhn} x'g] ub{5g .Ú
v]n ;dfrf/
g]kfn k'ln; lahoL
n ;]tf]kf6L
cgnfO{g
g]kfn k'ln; Sna
emfkfsf] lemnlemn]df hf/L k|yd ;tfIfL uf]N8sksf] ;]ldkmfOgndf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
lqe'jg cfdL{ SnanfO{ !–) uf]nn] ;f]daf/ x/fpFb} g]kfn k'ln;n] clGtd rf/ :yfgdf
cfˆgf] :yfg kSsf u/]sf] xf] . k'ln; Snasf tLy{ yfkfsf] Ps dfq lg0ff{os uf]n
lg0ff{os aGof] . pgn] v]nsf] %% ldg]6df uf]n u/]/ l6dnfO{ lhtfP .
d}bfgsf] dWo efuaf6 g]kfn k'ln;
Snasf /fgfn] cfdL{sf 6]saxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL, gjo'u >]i7, ladn /fgfdu/, lht]G›
sfsL{h:tf v]nf8LnfO{ 5SofpFb} nu]/ hfnL r'dfP .
klxnf] xfkmdf b'a} l6daf6 s'g}
uf]n x'g ;s]g. uf]n ug]{ df}sf eg] b'a} l6dn] k6s–k6s kfPsf lyP . t/ /Iff
k+lQmdf /x]sf b'a} l6dsf v]nf8Ln] cj;/nfO{ r'sfOlbPsf lyP .
bf];|f] xfkmdf eg] b'a} l6dn]
pTs[i6 k|bz{g u/] . lqe'jg cfdL{sf sf]r r'gaxfb'/ yfkfn] u]ddf lkmlgl;ª /fd|f]
gePsf sf/0f xf/ Joxf]g{' k/]sf] atfP . pgn] eg], …xfd|f] l6d g]kfn k'ln;
SnanfO{ x/fpg] u/L d}bfgdf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] t/ s]xL v]nf8Lafx]s bf];|f]
/f]hfO{sf v]nf8L d}bfgdf hfg'k/]sfn] xf/
Joxf]g'{ k¥of] .Ú
otf g]kfn k'ln; Snasf sf]r cgGt
yfkfn] lht ;'lglZrt g} /x]sf] bfaL u/] . lg/Gt/sf] cEof; clg d]xgtn] glthf
/fd|f] cfPsf] pgn] atfP .
v]nsf] Dofg ckm b Dofr lg0ff{os
uf]nstf{ tLy{ yfkf 3f]lift eP . pgnfO{ sGsfO{ ljsf; a}+sn] k|bfg u/]sf] gub %
xhf/n] k'/:s[t ul/Psf] lyof]. ;f]
k'/:sf/ lemnlemn] zfvfsf k|d'v o'j/fh /fO{n] k|bfg u/] .
d+unaf/ /dkd emfkf–!! / PlkPkm
sf7df8f}+aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g] cfof]hsn] hgfPsf] 5 .
rnlrq÷dgf]/~hg
lasf; af]8{ la?4
;jf]{Rrdf
af/af/ u/]sf] lnlvt
/ df}lvs lgj]bgnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ rnlrq ljsf; jf]8{n] …ufFhfafhfÚ gfddf lkmNd
btf{sf] nfuL clZjsf/ u/]sf] eGb} lgb]{zs u0f]zb]j kf08]n] af]8{ lj?4 ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf 5g\ .
lgb]{zs kf08]n] …ufFhf afhfÚ
lzif{snfO{ ljsf; jf]8{n] btf{ cl:jsf/ u/]kl5 ;f]lx gfdd} lkmNd agfOFkfp egL
;jf]{Rrdf l/6 xfn]sf x'g\ . t/ pgsf] lkmNd eg] ;Dk'0f{ 5fofFsg eO{;s]sf] 5 .
k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 ;d]t …ufFhf afhfÚ lzif{sdf /rgfsf] btf{
k|df0fkq ;d]t kfO;s]sf] eGb} ljsf; jf]8{n] sfg'g ljkl/t lkmNd btf{ cl:jsf/
u/]sf]n] To;sf] lj?4df cbfnt k'u]sf] bfaL kf08]sf] 5 .
cfkm'n] ;fdflhs ?kdf ck/fw ug{
gvf]h]sf] / unt lgotn] lkmNd agfpg gnfu]sf] t/ jf]8{sf] sbd u}/ sfg'gL eGb}
Gofosf] nfuL ;jf]{Rr k'u]sf] lgb]{zs kf08]n] lkmNdLva/nfO{ atfP . of] ljifodf
;jf]{Rrdf d+unaf/ lbpF;f] Ps klIft ax; x'g]5 .
lkmNd ÚufFhfafhfÚ sf] tkm{af6
jlsn :jfut g]kfnn] jsfnt ug]{5g\ eg] To;kl5 ;jf]{Rrn] d'4f / aofgsf] k|s[lt /
x]/]/ ljsf; jf]8{nfO{ :6] c8{/ lbg;Sg]5 . kf08]n] xfn]sf] d'4fdf jf]8{nfO{
ljkIfL / jf]8{ cWoIf /fhs'df/ /fO{nfO{
k|ltjfbL atfO{Psf] 5 .
…5Ssf k~hfÚ ebf}df
cfpg]
n lkmNdL
vj/
rlr{t xf:o snfsf/
bLkf>L lg/f}nfn] klxnf] k6s lgb]{zg u/]sf] rnlrq …5Ssf kGhfÚ cfpbf] ebf}sf]
@$ ut] ;fj{hlgs x'g] ePsf] 5 .
…5Ssf k~hfÚ bz}+df ;fj{hlgs x'g]
eg]/ o; cl3 rrf{ ePklg nfdf] 5nkmn / ax;kl5 of] rnlrqsf] k|bz{g ldlt ebf}df g}
tf]lsPsf] xf] . lgb]{zs lg/f}nfn] rnlrqsf] k|bz{g ldlt to ePsf] ;~rf/sdL{x?nf{
hgsf/L u/fOg\ . lg/f}nfsf cg';f/ ebf}df k|bz{gdf cfpg] rnlrqsf] ;+Vof bh{g a9L
ePklg of] rnlrq eg] ;f]nf] l/lnh x'g]5 .
bLks/fh lu/L, bLkf>L lg/f}nf
/ lgd{n zdf{n] ldn]/ agfPsf] of] rnlrqsf] 5fof+sg ;lsPsf] 5 . rnlrqdf bLks/fh
lu/L, lk|o+sf sfsL{, lht' g]kfn, lzjx/L kf}8]n, s]bf/ l3ld/] nufotsf rlr{t xf:o
snfsf/x?sf] d'Vo e"ldsf 5 . rnlrqn] s:tf] laifo p7fPsf] 5 eGg] v'nf;f
lgdf{0f kIfn] u/]sf] 5}g . t/, o; cufl8 …^ Psfg ^ / j8f gDa/ ^Ú agfP/ ;kmntf
kfO;s]sfn] klg of] hf]8Lsf] rnlrq bz{ssf nflu k|ltIffdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
sf7df08f}+ aflx/ rnlrqnfO{ Pkm8L sDkgLn] ljt/0f ug]{5 .
n]v
s0ff{nLsf] qmGbg M
lsg ;'Gb}g /fHon] <
hLjgjxfb'/ zfxL
s0ff{nLsf hgtfnfO{
/fHon] ljleGg sfnv08df zf]if0f ub}{ lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . /fHos} sf/0f
s0ff{nLsf] k/lge{/tf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . of] a9\g' eg]sf] Tolt /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og .
klxnf la|l6zx?n] rfOlghx?nfO{
clkmd lbP/ g;fdf km;fP/ pgLx? kl5 To;d}
s]lG›t x'g afWo eP . xfdLnfO{ klg /fHon] vfBfGgdf k/lge{/tf agfPsf] 5 . /fHon]
df5f lbg] xf]Og, df5f dfg{ l;sfpg] xf] . o;df /fHon] Wofg lbg}k5{ . s0ff{nLsf]
ljsf;sf nflu kfFrj6f -j_ sf] ;'q jf6f], ljh'nL, ljrf/, jg / jhf/ Joj:yfkg d'Vo
cfwf/ xf] . af6f] ePg eg] s]xL klg
x'Fb}g ;8s eg]sf] ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . To;}n] ;j{k|yd s0ff{nLnfO{ ;8s ;~hfn;Fu
hf]8\g'k5{ . lah'nL xfd|f] pHofnf] eljZo, :jf:Yo, lzIff / r]tgf xf] / xfd|f]
;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] .
cfh ljrf/n] ;+;f/ abNg ;lsG5 .
xl/of] jg eg]sf] xfd|f] /fli6«o wg xf] . o;df s0ff{nLsf] eljZo n's]sf] 5 .
To:t} ahf/ Joj:yfkg csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf], xfd|f] ;Ldfgf rLg;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 . dfg;/f]j/ If]q;Fu ;Lwf ;Dks{ 5 . ef/t;Fu pmhf{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ePsf]
5 . xfd|f pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f ug{ s0ff{nLnfO{ /fHon] ahf/Ls/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . s0ff{nL
:ofp, Rofp / ‰ofpsf] e08f/ ePsfn] o;sf] pTkfbg ug{sf nflu /fHon] ljz]if of]hgf
/ gLlt ckgfpg'k5{ . s0ff{nL;Fu
hn;|f]tsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5 .
s0ff{nLdf nueu @! xhf/ d]ufjf6
hnljB't Ifdtf /x]sf] x'gfn] s0ff{nL ;]tf] ;'g -XjfO6 uf]N8_ sf] vfgL xf] .
ljb]zL ;xfotf / nufgL jftfj/0fdf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] oxfFsf] hn;|f]taf6
xfdLn] /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;S5f}+ . cfGtl/s nufgL / /]ld6 xfO8«f]nfO{
k|yfldstfdf /fVg'k5{ . ljb]zdf /x]sf o'jfx?n] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQaf6 klg xfdLn]
hnljB'tdf nufgL u/]/ d'n'ssf] ljsf; / o'jfx?sf] eljio lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}+ .
s0ff{nLdf ef]sd/L eGbf klg a9L
eftdf/L eof] . s0ff{nLdf eft xf]Og kmnkm'n, u'G›'s / l98f] 5 . hxfF k|z:t dfqfdf kmfk/ sf]bf] nufotsf
ljleGg lsl;dsf rfdnsf] efteGbf a9L kf}li6s vfg]s'/f kfOG5 . t/, /fHosf] Wofg
Totflt/ eGbf klg ;8]sf] rfdn ljt/0f ug]{ tkm{ s]lG›t 5 . To;sf] ;f6f]
:yfgLo:t/df g} cfjZos kf}li6s cfxf/ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ljz]if s[lif cleofg
rnfP s0ff{nLnfO{ k'Ug] dfq xf]Og, aflx/
lgsf;L ug{;Sg] ;d]t pTkfbg x'G5 .
clxn] g]kfnn] b'O{ ca{sf]
sf]bf] ef/taf6 cfoft u5{ . hals ef/taf6 cfoft x'g] sf]bf]eGbf a9L s0ff{nLdf
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] hL8LaL pRr x'g'sf] sf/0f :yfgLo pTkfbg xf] . o;df
/fHosf] r's]sf] dfq 5}g, g]kfnsf] s[lif gLlt g} c;kmn ePsf] 5 . /fHon]
s0ff{nLnfO{ ;w} pk]Iff u/]kl5 clzIff t x'g] e}xfNof] lg . /fHosf] lzIff gLlt
eg]sf] ;'ud s]lG›t 5 b'u{dnfO{ /fHon] b]Vb}g .
/fHon] ev{/ s0ff{nLsf] h'Dnfdf
Pp6f lzIf0f c:ktfn vf]n]sf] 5 . c:ktfndf cfjZos hgzlQm / k|ofKt dfqfdf
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f x'g\ ;s]sf] 5}g . s0ff{nLsf hgtf la/fdLn] ;dodf pkrf/
gkfP/ csfnd} d[To'sf] l;sf/ x'g' k/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf g} eGg' kbf{ /fHon]
s0ff{nLsf] k"jf{wf/df nufgL u/]sf] 5}g .
s0ff{nLdf df};d cg';f/sf]
kf7zfnf vf]lng' k5{ . t/, ToxfF df};d cg's"nsf] kf7zfnf vf]lnPsf] 5}g .
clwsf+z :s'nx? hf8f]sf] ;dodf aGb x'G5g\ . lsgls s0ff{nLdf clwstd hf8f] x'g] ePsfn] ljBfno lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng
ug{ c;Dej 5 . To;}n] hf8f] ;dodf o;sf] pko'Qm ljsNk vf]Hg'k5{ .
s0ff{nL ul/a xf]Og, /fHon]
hah{:tL ?kdf ul/aLsf] laNnf le/fPsf] 5 . xfdL;Fu k|z:t dfqfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?
5g\ . h;n] s0ff{nLnfO{ dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /fVb5 .
s0ff{nLsf] ljsf;df Wofg glbg], s0ff{nL nlIft of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg],
s0ff{nLsf hgtfnfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L glbg] clg s0ff{nL kl5 kof]{,
s0ff{nLsf hgtf ul/a x'g\ eGg] <
g]kfndf clxn] klxrfgsf] s'/f
pl7/x]sf] 5 . t/ xfdL xfd|f] /fli6«o klxrfgsf ?kdf /x]sf] u'G›'s / l9F8f]nfO{
j]jf:tf ul//x]sf 5f}+ . pk]Iff ub}{5f}+ . o;n] xfd|f] zfg / cledfg a9fpgsf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . o;nfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf
;DkGg agfpg ;lsG5 /fHon] Totftkm{ Wofglbg'k5{ . s0ff{nLnfO{ pk]Iff u/] xfdLdfly
c;dfg / cGofo k"0f{Jojxf/ x'g]5 . xfdL ;DkGg s0ff{nLsf ul/a hgtf x'g afWo ePsf 5f}+ .
s0ff{nL lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] cfwf/
eg]sf] ;8s ;~hfn xf] . xfdL Onfdsf] lrof, cb'jf, clDn;f] cn}+rL eG5f}+ lsg xf]
t eGbf ToxfF ;8s k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf] d"No :yflkt x'g' eg]sf] ahf/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg / k|rf/–k|;f/ g} xf] . Onfdsf] dfOkf]v/Ldf lsg dfG5] hfG5g\ eGbf Tof]
;a}nfO{ yfxfF 5 . plrt k|rf/ 5 . ;8s
dfu{af6 ;lhn};Fu k'Ug ;lsG5 .
s0ff{nL;Fu g]kfns} ;a}eGbf
7"nf] /f/f / ulx/f] ;]–kmf]S;'08f] tfn 5 . t/, To;sf] Tolt k|rf/–k|;f/
ePsf] 5}g, eP klg ;lhn};Fu hfg ;lsGg . xjfO hxfhdf hfgsf nflu Ps t kfOFb}g /
Psbd} dxFuf] 5 .
ko{6g, s[lif, hnljw't,
h8La'6L,h+un / ;+:s[ltsf] plrt pkof]u,k|jb{\wg, ;+/If0f / ;~rf/ If]qdf /fHon]
lhDd]jf/ eP/ nflukof]{ eg] s0ff{nL g]kfns} gd"gf ;dfh / ufpFsf ¿kdf lrlgg
;S5 .
s0ff{nLnfO{ t/fO{ cGo If]q;Fu
hf]8\g] Psdfq dfu{ eg]sf] h'Dnf–sfnLsf]6 ;8s xf] . h;n] s0ff{nLnfO{ ;Dks{ ;DaGw
lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . t/, cem} klg s0ff{nLsf b'O{ lhNnf x'Dnf / 8f]Nkf /fli6«o
;8ssf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ 5g\ . oL b'O{ lhNnfnfO{
hf]8\g] k|of; eg] clxn] klg hf/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/ / :yfgLo hgtfn]
ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{ .
hxfF;Dd s0ff{nLdf cToflws
b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;df xfdLn] ;/sf/nfO{ dfq bf]if nufP/ pDsg ldNb}g .
o;sf nflu xfdL klg ;r]t x'g'k5{ . ;8s ;'/Iffsf nflu hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug{' k5{ . ;jf/L ;fwgdf Ifdtf eGbf a9L ofq' r9fpg' klg x'b}g . xfdL klg hah{:tL
r9\g] ug{' x'b}g .
s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ ;fF3'/f] ePsfn]
;8ssf] rf}8fO a9fpg] sfo{df klg ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg'k5{ . xfdL s0ff{nLsf ;ef;b
ldn]/ bafj lbPkl5 ;/sf/n] o;sf]
:t/pGgltsf] tof/L klg e}/x]sf] 5 . lgod kfngf ul/of] / ;a}hgf ;r]t eP/ cfˆgf]
st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ nflu k/] o;nfO{ Hofgdf/f /fhdfu{af6 x6fO{ /fxtdfu{sf] ?k lbg
;lsG5 .
s0ff{nLsf hgtfn] kfpg]
cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf :jf:Yo / lzIff k'Ug ;s]sf] d}n] kfPsf] 5}g . xl:k6n
klg k|ofKt dfqfdf 5}gg\ . Pp6f ;'Ts]/L pkrf/ gkfP/ dg{ afWo x'g'k/]sf] 5 . s]
/fHo klg 5 / eGg] s'/f s0ff{nLdf uPkl5 efg x'G5 . xl:k6n eP klg cfjZos cf}hf/,
d]lzgx? pknAw 5}g . PS;–/] d]lzg klg xl:k6ndf 5}g eg] Tof] xl:k6nsf] s] sfd
:jf:Yosf] l:ylt Psbd} bogLo /x]sf] 5 .
s0ff{nLdf lzIffsf] s'/f ubf{ t
emg\ ljs/fn cj:yfdf 5, slnnf afnaflnsf k9\gsf nflu 6f9fsf] af6f] wfP/ hfg'kg]{
cj:yf 5 . Psbd Go"g ;+Vofdf :s'nx?
5g\ . o;df /fHon] ;f]Rg'kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 .
dflyNnf] s0ff{nL hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df clxn] /fi6«3ft eof] eg]/ cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 . xfdL
cfkm" klg agfpg g;Sg] c?nfO{ klg agfpg glbg] o:tf] k|j[lQ /fd|f] xf]Og
o;n] b]zsf] ljsf; eGbf ljgf; u5{ .
ef/tsf] k|wfgdGqL;Fu Ho'Ho'
u/]/ @)) d]ufjf6 lah'nL lbg'xf];\ eGg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . xfdL aflx/af6 t]n
NofpF5f}, s] Tof] k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf]Og< cGo c/a d'n'sn] OGwg laqmL u/]/ wgL
ePh:t} xfd|f] d'n's klg ljh'nL a]r]/ ljZjs} ;d[4 d'n's aGg ;S5 . $ xhf/ d]ufjf6
lah'nL lgSng] 7fpFdf ( ;o lgsfNg vf]h]sf] eGg] cf/f]k dnfO{ ;To nfUb}g . lsgls
hlt w]/} lah'nL lglSnof], cfof]hgf Tolt g} ;:tf] x'g hfG5 . s'g d"v{n]
w]/} Ifdtf ePsf] 7fpFdf yf]/} ljB't lgsfn]/ cfˆg} v'§fdf aGr/f] xfG5 . dflyNnf]
s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf eg]sf] xfd|f] ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] .
-zfxL g]kfnL sf+u|];sf s]G›Lo ;b:o x'Gf_ — cgnfOg vj/af6
df]km;n kqsfl/tf
kqsf/tfjf6 /fd|f
cEof; klg ePsf 5g
g[k /fjn -;dfrf/ ;+of]hs_
wgu9L PkmPd, s}nfnL
tkfO+{sf] k'/f
kl/ro kfpF g <
– d]/f] gfd g[k /fjn xf] .
afh'/fsf] sfF8f uflj;–! l;ªuf xf] . ljut !)
jif{ b]lv wgu9L gu/kflnsf–@ ;GtfifL6f]ndf a:5' . d laut % aif{ b]lv
kqsfl/tf If]qdf sfo{/t 5' / xfn wgu9L PkmPddf ;dfrf/ ;+of]hs eP/ sfd ul//x]sf]
5' .
tkfO{n] lsg kqsfl/tf k]zf
/f]Hg' eof] <
— ;fg} b]lv kqsfl/tfdf lgs}
lh1f;' lyPF d . ;fg}af6 /]l8of] ;'Gg] uy{] / dnfO{ kqsfl/tfsf ljifodf hfGg ;fy}
kqsfl/tf ug{ lgs} /x/ lyof] . z'?df t /x/n] g} o; If]qdf nfluof], la:tf/}
a'em\b} uPkl5 gful/s / ;/sf/larsf] ;DaGw :yflkt, ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf alnof] af6f]
kqsfl/tf nfUof] .
:yfgLo ;~rf/dfWoddf sfd ug{ t
lgs} ;d:of 5 eG5g lg Û slQsf] dx;'; ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
— PSbd}
;fGble{s k|Zg ug'{eof], ;d:of t ;j} If]qdf x'G5g t/ klg kqsf/sf ;d:of cln km/s
5g . sfdsf] ;dol;df g} xF'b}g g kfgL gt 3fd g} eGg kfO{G5 . eg]sf] a]nf
kfl/>lds kfO{b}g . slt a]nf t lbSs nfu]/ cfp5 t/ O{R5fPsf] k]zf 5f]8\g klg
;lhnf] 5}g . lgs} uf¥xf] / sxfgLnfUbf] 5 df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tf .
slt ;do eof] o; k]zfdf nfu]sf]
<
— kqsf/ g} xF' eg]/ sfd ug{
yfn]sf] % jif{ k'lu;Sof] . z'?df wgu9L kf]i6 b}lgsaf6 kqsfl/tfdf k|j]z eP /
clxn] wgu9L PkmPd;Dd d]/f] kqsfl/tf
hf/L 5 . @)^^ ;fndf klxnf] wgu9L kf]i6sf] Ps hgf bfO{;+u ;fdfGo s'/fsfgL
eof] .
s:tf] vfnsf] kqsfl/tf ug{
?rfpg' x'G5 <
— ?lr t lasf; kqsfl/tf g} xf]
t/ la8Dagf df]km;ndf Pp6f la6 lnP/ afFRg lgs} uf¥xf] 5 csf{]lt/ hgzlQmsf] cefj
;Lk, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kx'Fr;Dd k'Ug g;Sbf klg Pp6f lardf sfd ug{ aftf/0f g}
ldn]sf] 5}g .
df]km;n} ePklg s}nfnLdf
kqsfl/tf ub}{ x'g'x'G5, slQsf] sdfO{ x'G5 <
— sdfO{sf] t s'/} gu/f}+,
h]gt]g b}lgsL rNg;Dd rflx x'G5 . w]/} eGg] u5{g kqsfl/tfaf6} ;lhn} kl/jf/ rnfpg
;lsG5 , t/ d}n] Tof] cg'ej ug{ kfPsf] 5}g . ;fgf];fgf] Joj;foaf6 cfTdlge{/ aGb}
eGg] lzif{ssf w]/} ;dfrf/ n]lvof], kl9of] klg, df]km;ndf kqsfl/tfaf6}
lhljsf]kfh{g ug'{ …cfsfzsf] kmn cfvf t/L d/Ú eGg] ;fdfgfyL{ eO{;s]sf] 5 .
kqsfl/tf k]zfdf nfu]/ s] s]
;d:of ef]Ug' kbf]{ /x]5 <
— ;fob ;d:of lagfsf] dfG5]
xF'b}g . k|To]s If]qdf ;d:of g} ;d:of kqsfl/tfdf klg w]/} ;d:of 5g . ;Rrf
kqsfl/t ug{]x?nfO{ emg} cKof/f] 5 . 3fd kfgL lgGb|f eGg kfO{b}g of] t ;fdfGo
xf] . ;dfrf/ n]v]s} e/df bafj cfpbf lgs} b'v nfU5 .
df]km;nsf kqsf/x?sf ;d:ofx? s]
s] x'g h:tf] nfU5 tkfO{nfO{ <
— tkfO{sf] k|Zg kqsfl/tfsf]
u'0f:t/;+u hf]l8G5 . ;a}eGbf 7'nf] s'/f bIftfsf] cfp5, kqsfl/tfsf] ;}4flGts 1fg
g} gePsfx?n] ;+rfng u/]sf] ;+rf/u[xdf sfd ug{] kqsf/x?sf ;d:of lgs} 5g .
kfl/>lds gkfpg' ;a}sf] ;femf ;d:of, >dlhjL kqsf/ P]gsf] sfof{Gog t :jod\
gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] g} kfngf u/]sf] 5}g h:tf] nfU5 . df]km;ndf t Psf b]zsf] syf
h:t} xf] . o;n] kqsfl/tfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{n] cf]/fnf] tkm{ 8f]¥ofO{/x]sf] 5 .
df]km;nsf ;~rf/dfWod /
;~rf/sdL{sf] lk8f p:tfp:t} xf] ls km/s 5g h:tf] nfU5 tkfO{nfO{ <
— lk8f p:t} x'g, t/ clnslt km/s
b]v]sf] 5' d}n] . ;+rf/u[xsf ;+rfns / ;+rf/sdL{ lar k|efjsf/L ;+rf/sf] vfFrf] 5
. ;+rfnsn] ;+rf/dfWodnfO{ kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;+Rffng ul/lbg To;sf] df/ ;+rf/sdL{n]
v]Kg' k/]sf] 5 .
lo ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/n] s:tf lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg' knf{ <
— ;a} eGbf klxnf t ag]sf gLlt
lgodx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfGofGjg ul/g' cfjZos 5 . csf{tkm{ kqsf/x?sfnflu Ifdtf
clea[4Lsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'{ cfZjos b]lvG5 . /fHosf] rf}yf] c+u elgPsf]
kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgL xf]O{g, ;Gt'ngsf nflu Jojxfl/s gLltsf]sf]
;fFrf] 5 .
o:tf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu
g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] e'ldsf s:tf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
— kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf t
z'Go 5 . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] /+u kqsfl/tfdf klg b]vf k5{ . dxf;+3n] r'gfjL
aftf/0f l;h{gf ug{] / s;/L cfkm\gf] kIfdf hgdt lgdf{0f ug{] eGg] afx]/ c? s'/f
u/]sf] b}lvb}g . e"ldsfsf] s'/f ug{] xf] eg], kqsfl/tfnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg k]zfsf] ;'/Iffsf]
klg Uof/]06L ug{ kxn ug'{k5{ . a]nf a]nfdf kqsf/sf] cj:yf af/] cg'udg ul/g'
cfjZos 5 h:tf] nfu5 .
df]km;ndf sfd ug]{
;~rf/sdL{x?sf] xs lxtsf nflu kqsf/x?sf a}rfl/s ;+u7gx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] kfpg'
ePsf] 5 <
— :jtGq kqsfl/t ug{] aftfj/0f
g} 5}g . ;j}n] cf–cfkm\gf ;b:otf lnPsfx?sf nflu sfd u/]sf] kfO{G5 . kqsfl/tfsf]
u'0f:t/ / Ifdtf a[l4sf nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5}g .
tkfOs+f] ljrf/df kqsfl/tf s]
xf] <
— d]/f] ljrf/df ;dfh
;zlQs/0fsf] klxnf] cfwf/ kqsfl/tf xf] . ;fy} ;/sf/ / hgtf larsf] ;]t' klg
kqsfl/tf g} xf] . ;/sf/sf x/]s lqmofsnfksf] ;"rgf hgtf / hgtfsf cfjZostfx?
/fHo;Dd k'¥ofpg' kqsfl/tfsf] wd{ xf] .
clxn] kqsfl/tf If]q jb\gfldt
x'Fb}5, kqsfl/tf If]qd} nfu]sf sltko JolQmx? laleGg u}/ sfg'gL lqmofsnfkdf
;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]k klg nfUg yfn]sf] 5g eGg] cf/f]k 5, s:tf] cj:yf kfpg' eof]
tkfO{n] <
— tkfO{n] eg]sf] s'/fdf ;Totf
5}g t eGg ;lsFb}g . sltko kqsfl/tfsf] gfddf Jofkf/ ug]{ / e|d l;h{gf ul/ hgdt
cfkm\gf] kIfdf kfg{]x? kqsfl/tfleq klg cfl:tTj hdfpb}5g, tkfO{n] eGg' ePh:t}
of] k|j[lQn] kqsfl/tf If]qnfO{ abgfldt agfO{lbPsf] 5 . t/ /fd|f cEof;x? klg
ePsf 5g, kqsfl/tfn] ;dfhsf] d'xf/ km]/]sf klg w]/} pbfx/0f xfdL dfem 5g .
To;}n] ;sf/fTds af6f]sf] kqsfl/tfnfO{ :yfgLox?n] klg ;fy lbb} cfPsf 5g .
tkfO{ slQsf] nfUg' ef 5 o:tf
s'/fdf Û
— Kff7s / ;|f]tfn] d'Nofªsg
ug{] s'/f xf] . dnfO{ nfU5, d}n] kqsfl/tfsf] wd{ a'em]sf] 5' .
cGTodf s]xL eGg dg nfu]sf] 5
<
— ;j{k|yd t dnfO{ df}sflbg'
eof] laDAf ;fKtflxs kl/jf/nfO{ wGofjfb . ;'b"/–klZrdsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+rf/
cleofg h?/L 5 . ;'b"/klZrdsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 / ljsf;sf nfuL /fHo;+Uf u'gf;f]
ug'{eGbf klg cfkm} hu?k x'g'k5{ .
pkGofz, cw'/f] /ftaf6
/dfO{nf] /ft;Fu}
gf}nf] 8fnLdf kfO{Psf ldqtfx?
zx/sf] klxnf] cw'/f] /ftdf
sfNr]n] ;fy kfof] ;8ssf] lr;f] k]6Lsf] . ylst d'b|fdf k'u]sf] p;sf] z/L/df g t
cf]8\g] sk8f lyP, g t s'g} cf]5\ofpg] sk8f g} . sfNr]nfO{ ljxfgLkv ;f}o{
ls/0fn] :jfut ug'{ k'j{ g} p;sf gogx? v'n] . o;f] jl/kl/ x]¥of] . cfkm\gf] glhs
sfnf] /+usf] cfgGbsf ;fy d:t lgGb|fdf 8'a]sf] e':ofxf s's'/sf] aRrf g} e]6fof]
. p;nfO{ nfUof] cfwf /ftsf] lr:ofgnfO{ 5Nbf ;fob Tolx e':ofxf s's'/n] cfkm'nfO{
Gofgf] lbPsf] jf cfkm'n] s's'/nfO{ Gofgf]
lbPsf] . Ps csf{sf] ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf] / Ps} sxfnL nfUbf]
/ftdf ldqtf ufF;]sf] h:tf] . s's'/n] cfkm'nfO{ lbPsf] Gofgf] g} Tof] /ft
cfkm\gf nfuL :juL{o cfgGbsf] /ft ag]sf] dxz'; u¥of] . cfwf /ftsf] kl/lrt ldq
aGof] ;fgf] sfnf] e':ofxf s's'/ . ;fob Tof] s's'/ /fd|f] zx/sf dflg;x?sf nfuL
g/fd|f] x'Gy]g eg] b'weft vfFb} s;}sf] 3/sf] kx/]bf/L ug]{df cfkm\gf] gfd btf{
ul/ ;s]sf] x'GYof] xf]nf . hfFt g}
sDf\;n x'g'k5{ zx/Lofx?sf nflu, Tof] eP/ g} sfnf] e':ofxf s's'/n] sfNr];+u
ldqtf ufF:g k'u]sf] x'g' k5{ .
ufFpaf6 cfPsf] sfNr]sf]
cfkm\gf] a:g] 7]ufg lyPg s's'/nfO{ ;fy lnP/ klg s] ug{ ;SYof] / < Psdgn]
p;n] o:t} ;f]Rof] . kl5 km]l/ ;lDemof] zx/df klxnf] kl/lrt ag]sf] ldq xf]
5f]8\g' xF'b}g . d]/f] lbg h;/L of] ;dfhdf laT5 To;}u/L o;sf] klg laT5 . d h]
vfG5' Tolx o;nfO{ klg v'jfpF5' . ;fy} af]Sof] e':ofxf sfnf] s's'/nfO{ /
s's'/sf] gfdfs/0f klg u¥of] To;} lbg p;n] . Gjf/g ubf{ e':ofxf s's'/n] gfd
kfof] æ;EoÆ .
;Eo ;'lt/x]sf] lyof], sfNr]nfO{ p7fpg dg nfu]g .
cfkm\gf] ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg{sf nflu lx8\g' kg]{ ePklg p;n] s]lx a]/ ;Eosf] lgGb|f
;dflKtsf] af6f] x]b}{, Tolx sxfnL nfUbf] /ft sf6]sf] ;8ssf] k]6Ldf g} a:of] .
dflg;x?sf] rxnkxn lj:tf/} ;'? eof] . /fqLsflng ca:yfdf b]lvPsf dflg;x? eGbf
km/s dflg;x? . w]/} dflg;x? ;8ssf] otf ptf lx8\g yfn] . ;fob ;a}nfO{ xtf/f]
x'Fbf] xf] hf]/tf]/sf ;fy lxl8/x]sf lyP pgLx? . pgLx?nfO{ x]bf{ o:t} nfUof] ls
pgLx?sf] s'g} 7'nf] sfd 5'l6/x]sf] 5 . of t pgLx? Dof/fy'g bf}8sf ;xefuL x'g\,
hf] k|ltof]lutfsf] klxnf] pkxf/ cfkm\gf] xftdf kfg{sf nflu bf}l8/x]sf 5g\
cfkm'n] b]v]sf] gf}nf] zx/df . qmd;M
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf tof/Lsf nflu pkof]uL
!= g]kfnsf] ;jeGbf
sd prfO{df /x]sf] gu/kflnsf s'g xf] <
–hn]Zj/
@= laZj l;;f/ lbj; slxn]
dgfO{G5 < –km]a|'c/L @ df
#= ;d'Gb|sf] kfgLsf] :jfb s:tf]
x'G5 < –g'lgnf]
$= o'/f]ksf] ;jeGbf 7'nf] /
nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < –ef]Nuf
%= ljZjsf] ;jeGbf 7'nf] hnljB't
cfof]hgf s'g xf] <
–y|L uh]{h -rLg_ -rLgsf] ofªh] gbLdf lgld{t o; hnljB't pTkfbg
s]Gb|sf] ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf @@,%)) d]3fjf6 /x]sf] 5 ._
^= ljZjsf] ;jeGbf 7'nf] 6fk'
s'g xf] < –u|Lgn}08
&= æ;S5f} eg] ;w} xfF; .
xfF;f] g} ;jeGbf ;:tf] / pkof]uL cf}iflw xf] .Æ of] egfO{ s:sf] xf] <
–n8{ jfO/g, cu|]hL slj
*= nf]Ug] :jf:gL ;DaGw ljR5]b
ug'{ clw c+z 5'6\ofO{ lbg' kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf slxn] b]lv nfu' ePsf] xf]
< –lj=;++= @)%( c;f]h !)
-d'n'sL P]g @)@) sf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg kZrft_
(= g]kfn /fli6«o ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlw lbj; slxn] dgfO{g] ul/G5 < –d] @
!)= k|zfGt dxf;fu/df
Pn–lggf]sf] k|efj a9\bf g]kfnsf] dg;'gdf s:tf] k|efj kb{5 <
–dg;'g sdhf]/ eO{ Go'g aif{ x'g]
!!= cGt/fli6«o lqms]6 sfplG;n
-cfO{;L;L_ n] g]kfn lqms]6 ;+3 -Sofg _ dfly lgnDagsf] sf/jfxL ug]{ lg0f{o slxn]
u¥of] < –lj=;++= @)&# a}zfv !#
!@= ef/t / a+unfb]zsf] /fi6«ufg
/rgf ug]{ k|l;4 slj sf] x'g\ < –/ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/
!#= ljZjsf] ;jeGbf ;fgf] /fi6«
s'g xf] < — Eofl6sg l;6L -)=$ au{lsdL
If]qkmn ePsf] . of] /fi6« O6fnLsf]
/fhwfgL /f]d zx/leq cjl:yt 5 . of] If]qkmn / hg;+Vof b'j} lx;fjn] laZjsf] ;fgf]
/fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
!$= ;"o{sf] cfsfz u+ufsf]
tf/fk'~hLo s]Gb|sf] Psk6s kl/qmd ug{ nfug] ;donfO{ s] elgG5 <
–a|Xdf08 aif{ -cosmic year_
!%= cd/u9L 88]Nw'/fdf k5{ eg]
lhtu9L sxfF k5{ < —?k]Gb]xL
!^= Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL pkflwaf6
;Ddflgt x'g] Oltxf;ljb\ sf] x'g\ < –afa'/fd cfrfo{
!&= g]kfn slxn] af?bL
;'?ªd'St If]q 3f]lift ePsf] lyof] < –lj=;++=@)^* h]7 #!
!*= ;g\ !(!@ df 6fO6flgs gfds
hxfh s'g dxf;fu/df 8'j]sf] lyof] < –cfGw| dxf;fu/
!(= ;a}eGbf kl5 3f]lift g]kfnsf
/fli6«o lje'lt sf] x'g\ < –dxfu'? kmfNu'gGb
@)= Boston Tea party s] ;+u ;DalGwt 5 < –cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fd;+u
@!= ;/sf/ k|d'vsf ?kdf ;+o'St
/fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL sf] x'g < –la=kL= sf]O/fnf
@@= laZjsf] klxnf] /fli6«o ufg
s'g xf] < –hfkfgsf]
lsldufof] gfds /fli6«o ufg
@#= dbg k'?:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|yd
dlxnf ;flxTosf/ sf] x'g\ < –kfl/hft
@$= g]kfnsf] klxnf] l;g]df xn
s'g xf] < –dbg hg;]jf l;g]df xn
@%= g]kfn rnlrq ;+:yfåf/f
lgld{t klxnf] rnlrq s'g xf] < —
dgsf] afFw
@^= cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if -IMF_ sf]
klxnf] dlxnf k|d'v sf] x'g\ <
— lqml:6g Nofuf8{ -k|mfG;sL
laQdGqL_
@&= ;]tf] af3 / a;GtL
pkGof;sf n]vs sf] x'g\ < — 8fod08
zdz]/
@*= laZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] bzf}+
dGqL:t/Lo a}7s sxfF ;DkGg eof] <
— s]Gofsf] g}/jL -;g\ @)!%
l8;]Da/ !%—!(_
@(= g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lu4
dxf]T;j slxn] / sxfF cfof]hgf ul/of] <
— lj=;++= @)^& c;f]h !)
gjnk/f;Lsf] ltnsk'/
#)= dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ k/LIff
;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 <
— lzIff ;lrj
#!= g]kfnsf] at{dfg ;+ljwfg
cg';f/ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 s'g tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgz'Ns x'g]
Joj:yf 5 < — cfwf/e't tx;Dd
#@= /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgf,
@)@* klxnf] r/0fdf s'g–s'g lhNnfdf nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] <
— lrtjg
/ sf:sL
##= lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf]
lj:tfl/t c+u s'g xf] < — ;|f]ts]Gb|
#$=afl0fHosf] v}/f] sfuh -Brown Paper of Commerce_ eg]/
s'g gub]jfnLnfO{ lrlgG5 <
— ;gkf6
#%= @)^@÷^# sf] !( lbg]
hgcfGbf]ng s'g ldltb]lv s'g ldlt;Dd ePsf] lyof] <
— lj=;+=@)^@ r}q @$ b]lv
@)^# a}zfv !! ;Dd
#^= g]kfnsf &% lhNnfx?dWo]
!^ lhNnf lxdfndf kb{5g\ eg] kxf8 / t/fO{df slt slt lhNnf kb{5g\ < — kxf8df #( / t/fO{df @)
#&= vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~hsf]
If]q s'g s'g lhNnfdf k5{ <
— 8f]6L, c5fd, aemfË / afh'/f
;|f]t ;+sns M /fd lai6
;flxTo÷;[hgf
lrxfgsf]
;f}Gbo{zf:q
lrxfg
af6f] x}g :ju{ k'Ug]
g t gs{sf] eofgs e'uf]ndf k'Ug'
g} xf] .
hlta]nf b'vsf] zx/df cfF;'x?sf]
xNnf lyof],
/ d[To'sf] df};d rln/x]sf] a]nf
d}n] xfF:g] cfF6 u/]sf] lyP
s'g} lbg
l7s cfh @$ jif{ kl5 ;don] dnfO{
xTof ug{ vf]lh/x]5 .
;+;f/df s'g} b]zx? 5}gg .
dfG5]x? klg 5}gg of] v'zLx?sf]
v/fgL p8]sf] v08x/df .
;Ggf6f rn]/ of] lju|sf] au/df
vg]/ cfkm' ;'Tg] vfN8f]
vf]lh/x]5' dg a:g] Pp6f ;'Gb/
3/
d[To' kl5 ;+;f/df s'g} l;dfgfx?
rNb}gg\ .
dfG5]x?sf] x'lnof lnP/
ahf/x?df el8\s/x]sf oL
lhlg;x?nfO{ klg
dG;fpg] 5 – ;don] g} s'g}
df}nfdf afFw]/ .
Tolta]nf
d]/f] xf8vf]/n] el/Psf] t:jL/df
9"+ufsf km"nx? r9fp5'
.
y'sx? kftdf ;+ufn]/
6'6\b} u/]sf] tf/fnfO{ c3{ lbg'
.
;kgfx? t bfif agfpg hlGdG5g –
xfd|f] lbdfudf .
olta]nf x'g g;s]sL k|]ldsfn]
;f]Wb}5]
d]/f] lrxfgsf] cg'ea .
klxnf] k6s o'jtLsf] u'Ktfªu
crfgs b]v]/
h;/L eml:sG5 s'g} nf]km/ o'js –
dnfO{ o:tf]
e}/x]5 – of] lrxfg dfyL .
of] s'g} gofF af6f] x}g
clxn] ;Dds} ;a} eGbf sfG5f]
pDd]bjf/ x'F d .
d]/f] afpFn] klg 38]/L
lsgL;s]sf 5g .
b'ef{Ujz – d]/f] xfF;f]df s'g}
?jfO{ 5}gg\
kL8fx? 5}gg .
t/ dnfO{ xtf/ 5 olta]nf of]
;+;f/df
lsgsL lsGg' 5 b'Vvn]
df6f], afn'jf / 9'+ufsf] Ps yfg
lj5\of}gf / cf]9\g] .
t/ dflg;x?nfO{ of] s] sf] xtf/
xf] <
gjLg clenfifL
/]l8of]
dWoklZrd, bfË
b'O{ d'Qms
d'v x]2 cfpFG5 r]nf], eGg} af6f
a:of x'lGgg\
;'OgfdL n cfof] elg, d]/} gfd
8fSof x'lGgg
ef}t} ;f}/fO nfUof a]nf, s'/f
c2} d]/L cfdf
PSs} 38L :j/ ;'G5', elg kmf]g
dfUof x'lGgg\
w]/} cl3 cfhs} lbg, slt kL8f
v]k]Yof} cfdf
v';L b]vfpg x/kn, cfFz';w}F
5f]KYof} cfdf
vfFbfvfFb} ;lsP;L, xfd|f]
yfnsf] /f]6L klg
cfˆgf] efu rf]O6\ofP/, vfpg eGb} ;f]WYof} cfdf
k'ik/fh hf]zL …k'sf/Ú
;"rgf÷;Gb]z÷la1fkg
dfnkf]t sfof{no
8f]6Lsf] xsbfjL ;DjlGw #% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|yd k6s ;"rgf ldltM @)&#÷!÷@#
lhNnf 8f]6L lb=l;=g=kf=;fljs sf]6e}/a j8f g+=# sf]
ls=g+=%&, ^$, lb=l;=g=kf=j8f g+=$ sf] ls=g+=$%*, $^( P]= j8f g+=^ sf]
ls=g+=##&,#$#< %^#, ^!$, ^#), ^^$, ^&%, ^($, ^(&, *@%, *^&,
*&&, (@^, (#),!!*$, !@)!, !#@&, !#%), !#%(, !$$) sf] hUufx? l6sf
e08f/L, dfg] e08f/L, h+uL e08f/L / g/L e08f/Lsf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm >]:tfk'hf{
ePsf]df hUufwlg l6sf e08f/Lsf] ldlt M– @)^&÷!!÷* df d[To' ePsf] / h=w=g/L
e08f/L gf]s/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ef/t tkm{ uPsf]df ljut @( jif{ b]lv j]kQf eO{
;Dks{df gcfPsf]n] d[ts l6sf e08f/Lsf] xslx:;f xsbf/ klTg vG6L e08f/Lsf gfpFdf /
a]kQf ePsf g/L e08f/L eGg] g/ jxfb'/ e08f/Lsf] xslx:;f lghsf] klTg /fh'b]lj
e08f/Lsf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L u/LkfpF ;fy} vG6L e08f/Lsf] g]=gf=k|=k=df kltsf] gfd
l6sf/fd e08f/L / h=w=k|=k'hf{df kltsf] gfd l6sf e08f/L ePsf], /fh'b]lj
e08f/Lsf] g]=gf=k|=k=df kltsf] gfd g/
jxfb'/ e08f/L / h=w=k|=k'hf{df kltsf] gfd g/L e08f/L ePsf], h+uL e08f/Lsf]
g]=gf=k|=k=df gfd h+u jxfb'/ e08f/L / h=w=k|=k'hf{df gfd h+uL e08f/L ePsf] /
dfg jxfb'/ e08f/Lsf] g]=gf=k|=k=df gfd dfg jxfb'/ e08f/L / h=w=k|=k'hf{df gfd
dfg] e08f/L eO{ gfd km/s k/]sf]n] ;f] ;d]t ;+;f]wg u/L pNn]lvt ls=g+= 8f]6L
lb=l;=g=kf=;fljs sf]6e}/a j8f g+=# sf] ls=g+=%&, ^$, lb=l;=g=kf=j8f g+=$
sf] ls=g+=$%*, $^( P]= j8f g+=^ sf] ls=g+=##&,#$#< %^#, ^!$, ^#), ^^$, ^&%,
^($, ^(&, *@%, *^&, *&&, (@^, (#),!!*$, !@)!, !#@&, !#%),
!#%(, !$$) sf] hUufx? gfd;f/L u/L kfpF elg lbkfon l;nu9L gu/ kfnLsf sfof{no
8f]6Lsf] r=g+= !%!&, ldlt M–@)&#÷!÷@! sf] a]kQf ePsf] ls6fgL l;kmfl/;,
l6sf e08f/L, dfg] e08f/L, h+uL e08f/L / g/L e08f/Lsf] gfpFsf] ;+o'Qm hUufwlg
k||df0f k'hf{ gftf k|dfl0ft, g]kfnL gf=k|=k, Plss[t ;DklQ s/ a'emfPsf] /l;b
cfbL k|df0fx? ;fy} /fvL gfd;f/L ul/kfp elg lh=8f]6L lb=l;=g=kf=j8f g+=^ a:g]
vG6L e08f/L, /fh'b]lj e08f/L, h+u jxfb'/ e08f/L / dfg jxfb'/ e08f/Ln] o;
dfnkf]t sfof{no, 8f]6Ldf ldlt @)&#÷!÷@# df lgj]bg lbg' ePsf]n] pQm hUuf
;DjGwdf s'g} s;}sf] xsbfjL k'Ug] eP jf lgh g/L e08f/L eGg] g/ jxfb'/ e08f/L
a]kQf gePsf] eP, h+u jxfb'/ e08f/L / g/ jxfb'/ e08f/Lsf] gfd ;+;f]wg ug{ gkg]{
s'g} sf/0f eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s #% -k}lt;_
lbg leq cfkm";Fu ePsf ;Ssn k|df0f ;fy sfof{nodf ph'/ bfjL ug{ cfpg' xf]nf
cGoyf Dofb leq s'g} s;}sf] ph'/L bfjL gu/] lgodfg';f/ e} hfg] Joxf]/f o;}
;"rgfåf/f hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
g;g]{ /f]u /f]syfd
;DjlGw hfgsf/L
SofG;/,
d'6'/f]u, pRr /Qm rfk, dw'd]x -lrlg/f]u_, hL0f{ Zjf;k|Zjf; cj/f]w ;DjlGw /f]u
h:tf g;g]{ /f]ux? nfUgjf6 jRgsf] nflu lgDg pkfox? ckgfcf}, bL3{ hLjg jfrf}+
¨ r'/f]6,
lj8L, v}gL, u6\sf, ;"lt{ cflb slxNo} ;]jg gu/f} / Tofuf+} .
¨ /lS;,
hfF8 h:tf dlb/fsf] xflgsf/s ;]jg gu/f}+ .
¨ z/L/
;ls|o /fVg] dWod ls|ofsnfkx? h:t}M of]uf, lx88'n ug]{, bf}8g], ;fOsn rnfpg],
kf}8L v]Ng], cflb xNsf kl;gf cfpg] u/L xKtfsf] slDtdf kfFr lbg;Dd sd;]sd #)
ldg]6 lgoldt ?kdf u/f}+ .
¨ z/L/sf]
tf}n jl9 ePdf 36fcf}+ / :j:y tf}n sfod /fvL df]6f]kgf x'g glbcf}+ .
¨ cGg,
bfn, u]8fu'8L, b'w, blx, df5f, jf];f] gePsf] df;', c08f, xl/of] ;fu;JhL /
kmnkm"n ;Gt'lnt ?kdf vfg] u/f}+ .
¨ b}lgs %
u|fd eGbf sd g'g vfg] u/f+}, lrNnf] / jf];f] o'Qm vfg]s'/f sd vfcf}+ .
¨ sf]N8
l8ǻ\S;, u'lnof k]o kbfy{, ld7fO{, rsn]6 h:tf vfg] s'/fx? sd vfg] .
¨ dfgl;s
tgfj / l/; d'Qm /xf}+ .
¨ pRr /Qm
rfk ePdf lgoldt hfFr / pkrf/ u/L lgoGq0f ug]{ .
¨ lgoldt
?kdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ u/f}+ .
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6L
;Dk"0f{df xflb{s cg'/f]w
– 8f]6LnfO{ v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ug{
;Dk"0f{ 8f]6Laf;L h'6f}+ .
–
…8f]6Lsf] klxrfg, k"0f{ ;/;kmfO{ xfd|f] cleofgÚ nfO{ ;kmn kf/f}+ .
– ;/;kmfO{nfO{
xfdLn] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kb{5
– 3/af6
lgisg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] lglZrt vf8n agffP/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/f}+ .
–
ljBfnodfkm{t ;/;kmfO{sf] hgr]tgf ;d'bfodf lj:tf/ ug{'k5{ .
–
zf}rfnodf dfq} lbzflkzfj ug{'kb{5 / vfgf vfg' cl3 xft /fd|f];Fu w'g'k5{ eGg]
Go"gtd\ 1fg lbg'kb{5
–
;/;kmfO{af6 ljleGg /f]ux?af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
–
;/;kmfO{df cu|;/ x'g] JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
–
;/;kmfO{ cefjdf nfUg] /f]u tyf hf]lvdaf/] ;a}n] cfˆgf] :t/af6 hgr]tgf km}nfpg'
kb{5 .
;'=k= If]qLo cg'udg tyf
;'kl/j]If0f
sfof{no /fhk'/, 8f]6L
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