xflb{s ;dj]bgf
lqmofl;n kqsf/ Pj+ o; laDa g]kfnL
;fKtflxssf ;x–;Dkfbs >L /f]h]Gb| hf]zLsf k'HogLo a'jf /fdrGb| hf]zLsf] ldlt @)&@ ;fn k'if !! ut] ^) jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]
vj/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt} ddf{xt jgfPsf] 5 . b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf d[tsk|lt
efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{, ;f]sfs'n kl/jf/hgnfO{ w}o{ wf/0f ug]{ zlQm
ldnf]; eGb} xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
laDa g]kfnL ;fKtflxs, kl/jf/
l;nu9L, 8f]6L
d'Vo ;dfrf/
ufla; ;lrj
b]lv k|wfgdGqL;Dd laGtL
cfZjf;g w]/} kfO{of] t/ ;xof]u st}jf6 kfO{Pg
>fj0f @% ut] /ftL uPsf] klx/f]sf sf/0f lhNnfsf] klZrd rf}sL If]qdf /x]sf 8f}8
/ tf]n]gL ufla;sf # cf]6f ufpF klx/f]sf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g . l;+uf] ufpF g} klx/f]sf] hf]lvddf k/]sf
:yfgLojf;Lx? n] uflj;sf ;lrj b]lv k|wfgdGqL;Dd e]6]sf 5g . ;lrj b]lv
k|wfgdGqLn] kxn ug]{ cfZjf;g eGbf c? s]xL lbPgg\ .
klx/f]af6 ql;t dg lnPsf lkl8tn] uflj; ;lrj b]lv
k|wfgdGqL;Dd k'Ubf klg cfZjf;g dfq kfPsf 5g . lkl8tx?sf] 6f]nLn] cfO{tjf/
k|wfgdGqL v8\s k|;fb cf]nLnfO{ e]6 u/]sf lyP . e]6df k|wfgdGqL cf]nLn] s]lGb|o
b}las k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] a}7s t?Gt 8fSg] cfZjf;g lbPsf 5g . cf]nLn] eg] æof] laifodf d ulDe/ ePsf] 5',
rfF8} a}7s 8fS5' ,d]/f] tkm{af6 7f]; kxn x'G5 .Æ
8f}8 / tf]n]gL ufla;af6 #) hgf / 8f]6L lhNnfaf6 ;+;bdf
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ % hgf ;ef;bsf] 6f]nL laleGg dGqfno tyf ;DefAo ;xof]uL ;+:yfdf k'u]sf 5g . :yfgLon] k|wfgdGqL
s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, l;FrfO{ dGqL pd]z ofba, cy{ dGqL lai0f' kf}8]n;+u e]6 u/]sf 5g
. 6f]nL :yfgLo lasf; dGqfno, s[lif dGqfnodf k'u]sf] lyof] . cfO{taf/ 6f]nLn] cy{ dGqL lai0f' kf}8]n;+u
e]6 u/]sf] lyof] . e]6df kf}8]nn] ;+;bdf s'/f p7fpg] cfZjf;g lbPsf 5g . dGqL
kf}8]nn] eg] æd of] s'/f ;+;bdf p7fp5', To; If]qnfO{ ;+s6u|:t If]q leq /fvL
7f]; ah]6 lalgof]hg ug{ kxn u5'{ .Æ
6f]nLdf 8f]6L lhNnfaf6 ;+lawfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kfFr
hgf ;f+;b, k'a{ /fHo dGqL eQmaxfb'/ anfo/, uflj;– :t/Lo /fhg}lts bnsf
g]tf, lzIfs, uflj; ;lrjx?sf] ;xefuLtf
/x]sf] 5 .
8f]6L lhNnfsf] 8f}8 uflj;–# sf] jfag;}g / tf]n]gL uflj;–$
a's]{nf ufpF klx/f]sf] ;a} eGbf pRr hf]lvdf /x]sf] 5 . ufpFsf] dflyNnf] le/
k'/} wfFhf kmf6]sfn] kflg kbf{ ufpF 5f]8]/ h+untkm{ a:g' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf]
ufla; nfnaxfb'/ af]u6Ln] atfP .
8f}8 / tf]n]gL uflj;sf ;lrj ;d]t /x]sf af]u6Ln] lbPsf]
hfgsf/L cg';f/ b'a} ufla;sf u/L @ ;o &% 3/ k|eflat ePsf 5g . af]u6Ln] eg]
ærls{Psf] elTsPsf] ul/ tf]n]gLdf ! ;o @% / 8f}8df ! ;o %) 3/ 5g .
;xof]usf nfuL cfu|x ug{ sf7df08f}+ k'u]sf] 6f]nL lhNnf
kmls{P klg cfkm'n] pQm ;d:ofsf nfuL kxn ug]{ ;f+;b la/axfb'/ anfo/n] atfP .
anfo/n] eg] ætkfO{x? oxfFaf6 kmls{P klg of] ;d:ofsf laifodf ;w}F kxn ug]{ 5' .
laleGg of]hgfsf nfuL kxn ug]{5' .Æ anfo/n] lgjf{rg If]q lasf; sfo{qmddf 8f}8 /
tf]n]gL ufla;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] jf glbg] eGg] laifodf af]n]sf 5}gg\ .
8f}8 / tf]n]gL ufla;df aGb /x]sf] xfO{8«f]kfj/ ;~rfngsf
nfuL kxn ug]{ ;f+;b k|]daxfb'/ cfn] du/n] atfP . pgn] eg] æxfO{8«f] kfj/ aGb
5g, ufpF k'/} cGwsf/ 5g , xfO{8«f]kfj/ ;~rfngsf nfuL d]/f] laz]if kxn x'G5 cGo
lasf;sf of]hgfsf nfuL klg kxn u5'{ .
8f}8 uflj;–# afjg;}g x'Fb} tf]n]gL ufla;sf % srfnL, j8f–$
e'u{]nf, v6\u8f, j8f g+= ^ ;}gufpF, 8f}8 j8f g+= @ d]nLufpF, j8f g+= ! 8f}8,
tf]n]gL j8f g+= * / ( sf ;fk|f, a]6f/fsf ;fy} 8f}8 j8f g+= # eNdf If]qdf
klx/f]n] lgs} IftL k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
clxn];Dd e]l6Psf ;a}n] cfZjf;g dfq lbPsf] 6f]nLdf ;xefuL
tf]n]gLsf af;' pkfWoon] atfP . pgn] eg] æ slxn];Dd e]6]sf ;a}n] kxn ug]{ atfPsf
5g, klx/f] uPsf] kfFr dlxgf;Dd dflyNnf] :t/af6 s'g} ;xof]u ePg, cfZjf;g dfq}
xf] sfd x'g] 5fF6 5}g .Æ
d+unaf/ laxfg 6f]nLn] Pdfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf Pj+ k'j{
k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08;+u e]6 ug]{ sfo{qmd to ePsf] 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs
6]saxfb'/ l;+xn] atfP .
;+of]hs l;+xn] eg]
laDa ;fKtflxs;+u s'/f ub}{ eg] æ clxn];Dd xfdLn] ufla; tx b]vL k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no;Dd k'u]sf
5f}F ;a}n] ;s/fTds k|ltqmLof lbPsf 5g . xfdL cfzfafbL 5f}F pxfFx?n] s]xL kxn
kSs} yfNg' x'G5 xf]nf .Æ l;+xn] yk] æ xfdLn] oxfFsf] a:yf atfpg'sf ;fy} lhNnf
b}las k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] IftLsf] l/kf]{6 klg ;a}nfO{ a'emfPsf 5f}F
.Æ
;DkfbsLo
kmf]xf]/
Joj:yfkg
…lbkfon l;nu9L gu/, :jR5 lzlIft / ;d'Ggt
jgfpg] xfd|f] /x/Ú of] lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsfsf] nIf xf] . of] nIf k|fKt ug{sf
nflu gu/ :jR5 x'g'k5{, lzlIft x'g'k5{ / ;d'Ggt x'g'k5{ t/ Tof] ePsf] 5 t <
k|ZglrGx v8f ePsf] 5 .
gf/fdf ePsf ltg dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx?df klxnf] gu/ :jR5
x'g'k5{ eGg] 5, To;sf nflu gu/df kmf]xf]/fsf] Joj:yfkg x'g' h?/L 5 . 3/jf6
pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/ ;8sdf nu]/ kmfNg] jfgL k/]sf gu/jf;Lx?sf] afgLdf ;'wf/
gcfP;Dd of] sfo{ k'/f xf]nf h:tf] eg] b]lvb}g . gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{non] cfkm'n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIf k'/f ug{ slt sfd u/]sf] 5 jf slt nufgL u/]sf] 5 eGg]
laifodf 5'§} rrf{ xf]nf t/ gu/jf;Lx?n] gu/kflnsfn] nufPsf] nufgLsf] ;xL k|of]u
u/]sf 5g t < gu/kflnsfsf] nufgLsf] ;xL k|of]u ePsf] 5 t < jf km]/L xfdLn]
gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;s]sf 5f}+ t <
clxn]sf] cj:yf x]bf{ lo k|Zgx? lg?Ql/t} /x]sf 5g .
gu/kflnsfn] clxn];Dd 8lDkË ;fO{8 lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, of] p;sf] cfkm\gf]
sdhf]/L, ;d:of jf To;;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg]x?sf] ;d:of xf]nf t/ gu/df b}lgs pTkfbg
x'g] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu p;n] k|of; eg] u/]s} 5 . jhf/df kmf]xf]/ /fVg]
ef8fx? …8:6 lagÚ /fv]sf] 5 t/ lt 8:6lagsf] k|of]u ug'{sf] ;f6f] xfdL gu/jf;Lx?
htf cfkm'nfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 Tot} kmf]xf]/ kmfN5f}+ . xfdL gfnLdf kmf]xf]/
kmfN5f}+ gfnL el/G5 clg kmf]xf]/ kfgL ;8sdf aU5 k'/} ;8s b'u{lGwt x'G5 . xfdL
3/ a8fn]sf] kmf]xf]/ ;8sdf NofP/ kmfN5f}+, Psl5gkl5 Tof] km]/L p8]/ xfd|} 3/df
k'u]sf] x'G5 t/ klg xfdL gu/kflnsfn] s]xL ug{ ;s]g eg]/ ufnL ub}{5f}+ .
lglZrt ?kdf lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsfn] cfkm'nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . To;df gu/kflnsfsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t sd x'g' Pp6f sf/0f xf] eg]
csf]{ ePsf] ;|f]t klg Jojl:yt ?kdf k|of]u ug{ g;Sg' p;sf] sdhf]/L xf] . t];|f]
s'/f gu/kflnsfdf sfo{/t s]xL sd{rf/Lx?sf] JolQmut :jfy{ klg o; laifo;+u
hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf], cyf{t egf}+ hflu/nfO{ ;]jfsf] ?kdf xf]O{g clwsf/sf] ?kdf
lng] jfgLn] klg of] ;d:of ePsf] xf] . o; s'/fnfO{ gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{non] :jLsf/
ug'{ k5{ / ;Rofpg' klg k5{ t/ s] gu/kflnsf dfq} bf]ifL xf] t < s] xfdL
lhDd]jf/ 5}gf}+ t < s] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L 5}g t < otfkl§ klg ;f]Rg' kg]{
cj:yf 5 .
gu/kflnsfn] jgfPsf] gfnL xfdL kmf]xf]/ kmfn]/ k'g]{, /flvPsf
8i6lag xfdLn] k|of]ulxg jgfO{lbg], htf dg nfU5 pt} kmf]xf]/ kmflnlbg] u5f}{+
clg gu/kflnsfn] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]g eg]/ ufnL ug]{ u5f}{+ . To;sf/0f
sDtLdf xfdLn] klg Wofg lbg' kg]{ h?/L 5 . gu/jf;Lsf] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf a:g kfpg]
clwsf/ t 5 t/ Tof] clwsf/ k|fKtLsf nflu xfdLn] s]xL st{Jo klg k'/f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5
. o;sf nflu xfdL tof/ x'g' h?/L 5 .
clxn]sf] lasf/0fsf]
cjwf/0ff ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/Lsf] lasf;sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . cj ;/sf/ PSn}n]
u/]/ s]xL x'Fb}g, x/]s s'/fdf xfdL ;j}sf] nufgL x'g' kg]{ h?/L 5 . cj
gu/kflnsfn] s]xL u/]g eg]/ gu/kflnsfnfO{ dfq} ;/fKg] eGbf klg cfkm'jf6} s]xL
;'?jft ug'{ h?/L 5 . To;sf nflu xfdLn] cfkm\gf] 3/jf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ dfq}
Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] w]/} sfd x'g ;S5 . To;kl5 gu/kflnsfnfO{ bjfj lbg' k5{ .
cj cg'/f]wn] gu/kflnsf ;'Gg] 5}g, cj bjfj rflxG5 . t/ bjfj tj dfq} lbg' g}ltstf
x'G5 hj xfdL cfkm' klxn] cfkm'nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;S5f}+ .
yk ;dfrf/
afbL
;d'bfosf] tYofFs ;+sng ul/g]
8f]6L lhNnfdf /x]sf afbL ;d'bfox?sf] Plsg
tYofFs ;+sng ul/g] ePsf] 5 .
lhNnf vfBclwsf/ ;~hfnsf] kxndf 8f]6Lsf laleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf lhNnfdf /x]sf afbL ;d'bfox?sf] tYofFs ;+sng ul/g] ePsf] cfh
j;]sf] lhNnf vfB clwsf/ ;~hfnsf] a}7sdf hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf] xf] . tYofFs ;+sngsf
nflu 8f]6Lsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf kfFr ;b:oLo tYofFs ;+sng ;dGjo
;ldlt u7g ePsf] lhNnf vfBclwsf/ ;~hfn 8f]6Lsf cWoIf bnjxfb'/ b]pjfn] jtfP .
;ldltdf lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsf, ofs g]kfn / afbL clwsf/ ;+3if{ ;ldlt ;b:o
/x]sf 5g . ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:o ;lrj lhNnf vfBclwsf/ ;~hfn /x]sf] b]pjfn] jtfP .
8f]6L lhNnfdf /x]sf afbL ;d'bfosf] Plsg tYofFs gePsf
sf/0f pgLx?sf nflu of]hgf jgfpg ;d:of ePsfn] pQm tYofFs ;+sng ug{ nfluPsf]
jtfO{Psf] 5 . afbL ;d'bfosf] tYofFs ;+sngsf qmddf pgLx?sf] cfly{s cj:yf, z}lIfs
cj:yf, kfl/jfl/s cj:yf / e'dLsf] cj:yf ;d]t cWoog ul/g] ofs g]kfnsf b]jLk|;fb
vgfnn] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g . vgfnn] eg] …afbL ;d'bfosf] vfBclwsf/sf nflu sfd ug{
;j}eGbf klxn] tYofFs cfjZos kg]{ ePsf sf/0f xfdL of] tYofFs ;+sng ub}{5f}+ .Ú
tYofFs ;+sngsf nflu o'gfO{6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn, lhNnf lasf; ;ldlt 8f]6L, lbkfon
l;nu9L gu/kflnsf, ofs g]kfn nufotsf ;+:yfx?n] cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ jtfO{Psf] 5 .
8f]6L lhNnfdf xfn;Dd afbL ;d'bfosf] ;+Vof slt 5 eGg]
jf/]df Plsg tYofFs /x]sf] kfO{b}g . afbL clwsf/ ;+3if{ ;ldltn] lhNnfe/Ldf Ps ;o
rf/ kl/jf/ /x]sf] bfjL u/]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf %) ufla;dWo] !& ufla;df afbL
;d'bfosf kl/jf/ e]l6Psf] ;+3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs kbd bf;n] jtfPsf 5g . lbkfon
l;nu9L gu/–kflnsfsf] & / ( j8fx?df klg afbL ;d'bfosf] a;f]jf; /x]sf]
jtfO{G5 .
tYofFs ;+sng ePkl5 o;jf6 afbL ;d'bfosf] If]qdf sfd ug{
;lhnf] x'g] ;/f]sf/–jfnfx?sf] laZjf; /x]sf] 5 .
s[lif ;xsf/Ldf o'jf ;xeflutf
8f]6L uu'8f uflj;–@ sf s[i0f jf]u6Lsf] pd]/
s/Lj #% jif{ eof] . pgL :yfgLo hgtf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8sf cWoIf x'g .
;f]xL uflj;–^ sL kljqfb]jL rGbsf] pd]/ s/Lj @^ jif{ eof], pgL pQm ;+:yfsL
sf]iffWoIf 5g . ;f]xL uflj;–^ of]u]Gb| lassf] pd]/ s/Lj @* jif{ eof] pgL pQm
;+:yfsf Joj:yfks x'g .
jf]u6L, rGb / las dfq} xf]O{g pQm ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf /x]sf Ps
** z]o/ ;b:ox?dWo] clwsf+; o'jf /x]sf 5g . s[lif ;xsf/L dfkm{t k'/} uflj;sf]
g]t[Tj ug]{ o'jfx?sf] ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ ;+ul7t u/L s[lif pTkfbgdf
a[l4 ug]{, pTkflbt s[lif pkhsf] jhf/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ / s[ifsx?nfO{ jrt ug]{
jfgLsf] lasf; ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy u7g ul/Psf] pQm ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] cfufdL tLg jif{df
kfFr ;o z]o/ ;b:o k'¥ofpg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
…o'jfx? /f]huf/L gkfPsf] eGb} ef/tlt/ sfdsf nflu hfg]
u/]sf 5g, lt o'jfx?nfO{ ufpFd} /f]s]/ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg' k5{ eGg] xfd|f] k|of;
xf]Ú cWoIf jf]u6L eG5g …o;sf nflu xfdL k|of;/t 5f}+ .Ú pgn] eg] …olb ufpFd}
ldlxg]t ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] csf{sf] b]zdf hfg' kg]{ jf gf}s/Lsf nflu s'g} sfof{no wfpg' kg]{ h?/Lg}
5}g .Ú
s[ifsx?n] cfkm'n] pTkfbg u/]sf] dfn cg';f/sf] df]n gkfpg]
;d:of ePsfn] cfkm'x?n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfjf6 ;+sng s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]sf] jtfpFb}
Joj:yfks las eG5g …s[ifsx?nfO{ klg pgLx?sf] kl/>dsf] plrt d'No lbnfpg /
pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ plrt d'Nodf s[lif pTkfbg pknJw u/fpgsf nflu xfdLx? k|of;/t 5f}+
.Ú s[lif pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] lassf] egfO{ 5 . xfn;Dd ^) xhf/ z]o/ k'FhL
;+sng ul/;lsPsf] jtfpFb} sf]iffWoIf kljqf elG5g\ …k|To]s z]o/ ;b:on] dfl;s %)
?k}ofF art ug]{ u/]sf 5g .Ú s[lif k]zsf nflu ;+:yfn] C0f ;d]t nufgL ug{ yfn]sf]
jtfpFb} kljqfn] elgg\ …xfdLn] s[lif k]zf ug]{x?nfO{ dfq z]o/ ;b:o jgfpg] /
pgLx?df dfq} C0f kl/rfng ug]{ of]hgf jgfPsf 5f}+ .Ú
o'/f]lkog o'lgog / 8]grr{ P8sf] clfy{s tyf lkmofg g]kfn /
ln–j8{sf] k|flalws ;xof]udf ;d lasf; s]Gb| 8f]6Ln] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;fgf ls;fgsf
nflu lbuf] vfB ;'/Iff kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf hgtf s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf :yfkgf
ePsf] jtfpFb} cWoIf jf]u6Ln] eg] …of] ;+:yfnfO{ xfdL lhNnfd} gd'gfsf] ?kdf
:yflkt ug]{ k|of;df 5f}+ .Ú
88]Nw'/fd} sdhf]/ x'Fb} b]pjf
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dxflwj]zg glhlsb} hFbf
/fhgLlts ;/udL{ hlt hlt a9\b} 5 Toltg} a9L sfo{stf{x?sf] w|'jLs/0fdf klg ltj|tf
cfpFb}5 .
clxn];Dd ;efkltsf bfj]bf/ dflgPsf tLg pDd]bjf/x? ;'zLn sf]O/fnf,
z]/jxfb'/ b]pjf / /fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] ;d"xx? kl/jt{g ub}{ sfo{stf{x?n] klg
…jfu]{lgËÚ ug{ yfn]sf sf+u|]; sfo{stf{x? jtfpF5g . o:t} ;d"x kl/jt{g ug]{
sfo{n] 88]Nw'/fdf klg ltj|tf kfPsf] 5 .
sf+u|]; al/i7 g]tf z]/jxfb'/ b]pjfsf] u[xlhNnf 88]Nw'/fdf
clxn] y'k|} sfo{stf{x? b]pjf;+u} ?i7 ePsf 5g . b]pjfkTgL cf/h' b]pjfsf] ;gsL
:jefjsf sf/0f b]pjfs} ;d"xleq b'O{ km\ofs ePsf] sf+u|]; lgs6x?sf] bfjL 5 .
>f]t eG5 …cf/h' b]pjfn] 88]Nw'/f lhlj;sf k"j{ ;efklt Pj+ sf+u|]; lhNnf
sfo{;ldlt ;efklt /3'j/ e§nfO{ a9L dxTj lbg yfn]kl5 sfo{stf{x? ?i7 ePsf x'g .Ú
% jif{ 88]Nw'/f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt / !# jif{
lhNnf sf+u|];sf] ;efklt eO;s]sf e§sf] hgfwf/ sd ePsf] t/ cf/h'n] pgnfO{ dfq
glhssf] sfo{stf{ dfg]sf] sf+u|];Lhgx?sf] egfO{ 5 . 88]Nw'/f b]pjf sf+u|];
cfGtl/s ?kdf r/d ljjfbdf km;]kl5 ;'zLn sf]O/fnf u'6n] v]Ng] df}sf kfPsf] 5 .
b]pjf kIfd}+ le8fP/ kmfObf lng sf]O/fnf kIfn] k|oTg ul//x]sf] rrf{ sf+u|];df
rn]sf] 5 . cf/h'n] dxflwj]zg k|ltlglwdf ;d]t xf/]sf z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf :jsLo
;lrj /lx;s]sf uf]ljGb af]xf]/fnfO{
af]s]kl5 cfˆgf] lhNnfdf z]/axfb'/ cfˆg} kTgL cf/h'sf sf/0fn] sdhf]/ aGb}5g\
eGg] sf+u|]; sfo{stf{x?sf] ts{ 5 .
uf]ljGb af]xf]/f @)$( ;fndf z]/axfb'/nfO{ sfnf] em08f
b]vfP/ lj/f]w ug]{df k5{g\ . ltg} af]xf]/fsf] kIfdf cf/h' b]pjf / jt{dfg
88]Nw'/f sf+u|];sf ;efklt s0f{ dNnsf] kIfdf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf b]vfk/]kl5 88]Nw'/f
lhNnfdf z]/axfb'/ / cf/h' xfF;f]sf] kfq ag]sf 5g\ .
5f]6s/L ;dfrf/
hf]zLnfO{ lkt[zf]s
laDa ;fKtflxssf ;x;Dkfbs tyf 8f]6Lsf lqmofl;n kqsf/ /f]h]Gb| hf]zLnfO{
lkt[zf]s k/]sf] 5 .
;x;Dkfbs
hf]zLsf j'jf /fdrGb| hf]zLsf] zlgjf/ /ftL s/Lj !!=#) jh] ^) jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg
ePsf] xf] . @)!@ ;fndf hlGdPsf :juL{o hf]zL nfdf] ;do;Dd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;]jf/t
/xL @)&) ;fndf ;]jflga[Q ePsf lyP .
>]0fLljlxg
sd{rf/Ljf6 ;]jfk|j]z u/]sf hf]zL /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbjf6 ;]jflga[Q
ePsf lyP . hf]zLsf b'O{ 5f]/L / tLg 5f]/L /x]sf 5g . pgL nfdf] ;dob]lv d'6'sf]
;d:ofjf6 lkl8t lyP .
gu/df klg ;'?
lhNnfsf % uflj;x? v'nf lbzfd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff
eO{;Sbf ;d]t vf;} s]xL ug{ g;s]sf] lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsfn] klg cj j8fx?
v'nflbzfd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ cleofg ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
!$ j8fx? /x]sf] gu/kflnsfdf o;cl3 Pp6f j8f dfq}
v'nflbzfd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . zlgjf/ j8f g+= # / $ nfO{ v'nflbzfd'Qm
j8f 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 cleofgs} ?kdf pQm sfo{nfO{ nluPsf] gu/kflnsfsf ;fd'bflos
ljsf; clws[t /d]zrGb| hf]zLn] hfgsf/L lbP . pgn] eg] …!( ut]leq ;j} j8fx?nfO{ xfdLn]
v'nflbzfd'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ug]{ nIf jgfPsf 5f}+ / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfd cuf8L
al9/x]sf] 5 .Ú
gu/kflnsfnfO{ v'nflbzfd'Qm If]q ug]{ ldlt eg] clxn]g} to
geO{;s]sf] hf]zLn] jtfP . pgn] eg] …oxL @@ ut] gu/kl/ifb\ 5, pQm kl/ifb\ ;DkGg
ePkl5 ldlt to u/]/ cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdsf lar 3f]if0ff u5f}{+ .Ú
v]n ;dfrf/
;fOlSnªdf /fh]z pTs[i6
ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ cfof]lht tLglbg] …tfg;]g
cN6«fÚ cGtu{t ;fOlSnª -dfpG6]g jfO{s_ 8fpg lxn Pln6sf] pkflw /fh]z du/n] lht]sf
5g\ .
d'n'saflx/sf k|ltof]uL ;d]t ;xefuL ;f]daf/ cfof]lht
;fO{lSnª\df ;fxl;s :kwf{df pgn] ! lsnf]ld6/ % ;o ld6/ ;fOlSnª\ @ ldg]6 %^
;]s]G8df kf/ u/]/ klxnf] ePsf x'g\ .
pgL o; cl3sf /fli6"o tyf cGt{/fli6"o
k|ltof]lutfdf afhL dfl/;s]sf ;fOlSni6 x'g\ . # ldg]6 % ;]s]08df lgwfl{|t b'/L
kf/ b}{ lqmi6f]kmf]/ lslnª\ bf];|f] ePsf 5g\ . ;'/h /fO{ ;f]xL b'/L # ldg]6
!& ;]s]08df k'/f u/]/ t];|f] ePsf] cfof]hs gfnL{n] hgfPsf] 5 .
8fpg lxn v'Nnftkm{ ;f]xL b'/L # ldg]6 & ;]s]08df kf/
ub}{ ;'dg u'?ª klxnf] ePsf 5g\ . ef/tLo v]nf8L cfo'; sk/n] # ldg]6 !( ;]s]08df
kf/ ub}{ bf];|f] ePsf 5g\ . e'6fgsf lhUd] t]lGhª o]:x]n] # ldg]6 @% ;]s]08df
k'/f ub}{ t];|f] ePsf] cfof]hsn] hgfof] . qm; sG6«L ;fO{lSnËsf] v'Nnftkm{ eg]
@% ldg]6 @ ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ ub}{ /]zd axfb'/ vqL klxnf] ePsf 5g\ .
o:t}, @% ldg]6 * ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ u/]sf /fh]G› r]Dhf]ª\
bf];|f] ePsf 5g\ eg] @& ldg]6 #& ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ ub}{ ltns If]qL
t];|f] ePsf] cfof]hs w/f]x/ P8e]Gr/n] hgfPsf] 5 .
qm; sG6«L ;fOlSnªs} dlxnftkm{ eg] #) ld]6 %^ ;]s]08df
lgwf{l/t b'/L kf/ ub}{ k'ikf s'df/L e08f/L klxnf] ePsL 5g\ . #! ldg]6 * ;]s]08
b'/L kf/ u/]sL lg:df >]i7 bf];|f] / ## ldg]6 ^ ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ ug]{ lab]zL
dlxnf hf]:Nofg kj]N;g t];|f] ePsf] cfof]hsn] hgfPsf 5g\ .
qm; sG6«L ;fOlSnªsf] h'lgo/tkm{ eg] @* ldg]6 $@ ;]s]08df
b'/L kf/ ub}{ ljzfn u'Ktf klxnf] ePsf 5g\ . #) ldg]6 $^ ;s]08df ;';fg u'?ª / #@
ldg]6 #^ ;]s]08df l/+s' 7fs'/n] b'/L kf/ ub}{ bf];|f] / t]>f] ePsf 5g\ . qm;
sG6«L ;fOlSnª u|fG8df:6/sf] pkflw eg] $^ ldg]6df b'/L kf/ ug]{ /ljdfg l;+x / %)
ldg]6df b'/L kf/ u/]sf z]v/ k|;fb >]i7n] kfPsf 5g\ .
qm; sG6«L ;fOlSnªs Pln6tkm{ eg] $& ldg]6df b'/L kf/
ub}{ a'4Laxfb'/ tfdfª klxnf] ePsf 5g\ . $* ldg]6 #$ ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ u/]sf cho
kl08t If]qL bf];|f] eP eg] $* ldg]6 $) ;]s]08df b'/L kf/ ub}{ gf/fo0f uf]kfn
t];|f] ePsf 5g\ .
ljhoL klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] x'g] k|ltof]uLnfO{ gub @),
!% / !) xhf/ k'/:sf/ lbOPsf] 5 . gfnL{ / w/f]x/ P8e]Gr/sf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf]
;fO{lSnª\ >Lgu/ 8fF8fsf] x]lnKof8b]lv ul/Psf] lyof] . >Lgu/ 8fF8faf6 z'?
;fOlSnª nfoG; nfsf}n cfFvf c:ktfnsf] l;+9L, eujtL6f]n, l;Qnkf6L x'Fb} dvg6f]ndf
6'+luPsf] lyof] .
tof/ u/]sf] ?6df h+un, kxf8, l;9L, ;fgf uNnL, 3'DtL 5g\ .
;fOlSnª\ af6f]df h+un, 9'+ufsf] s]k ePsfn] pgLx?n] dHhf lnPsf lyP .
7fpF7fpFdf hDk ug]{ :yfg;d]t agfOPsf] lyof] . ;fO{sn bf}8
k|ltof]lutfdf xªsª\, cd]l/sf, g]kfn, hfkfg, rLg / ef/taf6 ;xeflutf /x]sf]
gfnL{sf lgb]{zs Zofd lnDa'n] atfP .
g]kfn Pzf]l;o;g ckm 6'/ P08 6«fen Ph]G6 -gf6f_ lhNnf ;lrj ;fu/dfg dxh{gsf
cg';f/ ljb]zdf uP/ pTs[i6 ;fOlslnª\ u/]sfx?nfO{ o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL
u/fOPsf] lyof] .
…k|fs[lts ?kd} ldn]sf] :yfg kfpg ;lhnf] 5}g,Ú w/f]x/
P8e]Gr/sf ;'jf; sIfkltn] eGg'eof], …oxL v]nn] kfNkfsf] ko{6gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .Ú
rnlrq÷dgf]/~hg
…km"n} km"nsf] df};d ltdLnfO{Ú
rnlrqsf uLt;+uLt dfq xf]Og lel8of]nfO{ klg
pTs[i6 agfpg lgdf{tf–lgb]{zs cu|;/ b]lvPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL rnlrqsf] ahf/ lj:tf/
e}/x]sf] ;dodf rnlrq agfpg]x? klg ;hu b]lvPsf 5g\ .
rnlrq d]lsª / dfs{]l6ªdf lgb]{zs tyf lgdf{tf lbg]z 8L;L
cufl8 5g\ . pgn] klxnf] k6s lgdf{0fdf xft xfn]sf] rnlrq …km"n}
km"nsf] df};d ltdLnfO{Ú kmfu'g @! ut]af6 k|bz{gdf cfpFb}5 .
of] rnlrqsf] lzif{ uLt ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . /fh]zkfon
/fOsf] :j/df ;dfj]z of] rnlrqsf] lel8of]nfO{ 8L;Ln] pTs[i6 agfpg s'g}
s~h':ofFO{ u/]sf 5}gg\ .
gLtf 9'+ufgf / cfd]if e08f/LnfO{ lkmrl/ª ul/Psf] uLtsf]
nf]s]zg, lvrfO{ pTs[i6 5 . ;'/]z clwsf/Lsf] ;+uLt / /fh]zkfon /fOsf] :j/n]
uLtnfO{ pTs[i6 agfPsf] 5 .
lar ;fu/df lax] ug{ ;lsg]
xfd|} g]kfnsf Ps bDktLn] ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df
uP/ ljjfx u/] . Ps a]nfotL bDktLn] kfgL d'lg ljjfx u/]/ lslt{dfg /fVof] .
ljjfx h:tf] s'/fnfO{ ljz]if agfpg hf] sf]xLn] klg s]xL
s;/ afFsL g/fVg rfxG5 . t/ df}sf / cf}sft b'a} rfxLF x'g'k¥of] . ca cf}sft x'g]x?sf
nflu csf]{ lslt{dfgL lax] ug]{ df}sf h'/]sf] 5 . ca lxGb dxf;fu/sf] aLr efudf
uP/ ljjfx ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
dflNbE;sf] Ps l/;f]6{ sDkgLn] lxGb dxf;fu/sf] aLrdf Pp6f
o:tf] xf]6n agfPsf] 5 hxfF uP/ cf;kf;sf hnr/x?sf] pkl:yltdf lslt{dfgL lax] ug{ ;lsg]5
.
of] xf]6n Pp6f ;fgf] em'k8L h:t} 5 t/ lgs} ;fh;Hhfn] o'Qm
;'Gb/ 5 . lxGb dxf;fu/sf] 7\ofSs} aLr efudf
/x]sf] of] xf]6nsf] lkFw l;;fsf] 5 h;sf sf/0f ;d'›sf] kfgL xlNnPsf] klg
b]Vg ;lsG5 .
gflosf l/dfsf] /km\tf/
ljjfxkl5 gflosfsf] clego ofqf wd{/fpF5, cS;/
gflosfsf] xsdf of] egfO nfu" x'G5 . g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, ljb]zL rnlrqsf
gflosfx¿ klg ljjfxkl5 rnlrq sd 3/Jojxf/df a9L ;lqmo x'G5g\ .
gflosf l/df ljZjsdf{n] eg] ljjfx nuQ} cfˆgf] sfdnfO{
a9fPsL l5g\ . To;f] t pgsf >Ldfg\ ljjfx nuQ} a]nfot kmls{Psfn] klg pgn]
sfddf Wofg lbg ;s]sf] ts{ ul/G5, t/ l/dfn] ljjfxsf] s]xL ;do sfddf gkms{g]
lg0f{o klg lng ;lSyGf, oBlk pgn] To;f] ul/gg\ . l/dfn] ljjfxsf] Ps ;ftf glaTb}
nuftf/ rf/j6f Do'lhs lel8of]df sfd ul/g\ . To;kl5 klg cfwf bh{geGbf a9L Do'lhs
lel8of]df Jo:t eOg\ .
…ljjfxkl5 sfd ug{ yk ;xh dx;'; ul//x]sL 5'Ú l/dfn]
;fKtflxs;Fu elgGf\ …dnfO{ a'‰g] >Ldfg\ kfPsL 5', ljjflxt ePsfn] ;a}n]
cfb/k"j{s sfd u/fpg] ePsfn] klg ;lhnf] ePsf] xf] .Ú l/df rfF8} Pp6f
rnlrqdf klg sfd ub}l5g\ .
n]v
u|]l8Ën] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'lw|b}g
laBfgfy sf]O{/fnf
s] xf] n]6/ u|]l8Ë <
xfdLn] clxn];Dd ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof+sg c+sdf ub}{ cfPsf
lyof}F . ca n]6/ u|]l8Ë cyf{t\ cIf/x¿sf] ;d"xdf ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof+sg
ug]{ k4lt ckgfpg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . o;} jif{b]lv P;Pn;Lsf] cf7j6f u|]8df
d"Nof+sg x'Fb} 5 . ;o c+snfO{ cf7j6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] xf] .
z"Go gDa/nfO{ …g6 u|]8]8Ú ;d"xdf /flvPsf] 5 . OsfO eg]sf] ;fgf] x'G5
. !, @, #, df dfkg ul/G5 . t/, n]6/ u|]l8ª P, aL, ;L, 8L nufotdf x'G5 . klxn] /
clxn]sf] d"Nof+sg k4ltdf vf;} s]xL km/s xf]Og . xfdLn] …PÚ eGbf csf]{n] s]
a'‰g] < xfdLn] () eGbf csf]{n] s] a'‰g] < of] eGg] / a'emfpg] tl/sfdf dfq
km/s kg]{ xf] c¿df vf;} s]xL km/s kb}{g .
;/sf/n] cIf/f+sg k4ltaf6 z}lIfs If]qdf w]/} ;'wf/ x'G5
eGg] cfzf b]vfPsf] 5 . z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4 x'g] bfaL klg u/]sf] 5 . t/, ;/sf/n]
o;f] eGg' km6fxf ts{ dfq xf] . d"Nof+sg k4lt km/s x'Fb}df u'0f:t/df s]xL
;'wf/ x'Fb}g . of] k4ltdf hfg] lalQs} ljBfyL{ km]n gx'g] klg xf]Og . clxn]
km]neGbf tn tLgj6f …Sof6]uf]/LÚ /flvPsf 5g\ . To;f] eGg' kf; x'g g;s]sf ljBfyL{
eGg] a'emfpg' g} xf] . of] k|lqmofaf6 k|0ffnLut ;'wf/ eg] b]lvG5 . Ps sIffdf
egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{ !) df k'u]kl5 c8\s]/ a:b}gg\ eGg] b]lvG5 . k|0ffnLut lgk'0ftf
x'G5 . !) sIffdf w]/} ljBfyL{ c8\sFb}gg\ eGg] ;Gb]z hfG5 . Tof] afx]s s]xL
kmfObf x'g] xf]Og . ;/sf/n] o;af6 z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ xf]nf, lzIfsnfO{
/fd|f];Fu k9fpg] afgL nfUnf eGg] xf] eg] km/s k|0ffnLdf hfFb}df pynk'yn s]xL
x'Fb}g . a? s]xL gsf/fTds c;/ b]lvg yfln;s]sf] 5 . lzIfsx¿ nfu" ug]{ ls
gug]{ eGg] cGof]ndf 5g\ . ljBfyL{rflxF gk9] klg x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stfdf k'lu;s]sf
5g\ . lzIfsdf gk9fP klg P, aL, ;L, 8L s'g} g s'g} u|]8 cfOxfN5 eGg] ;f]r ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . o:tf] x'g'kYof]{ s'g} ljBfyL{ b'O{j6f ljifodf dfq kf; eof], cf};tdf
…O{Ú cfof] eg] pm SofDk; hfg kfpF5 ls kfpFb}g < p;n] ;/sf/L hflu/ vfg kfpF5
ls kfpFb}g < SofDk; hfg kfpF5 eg] p;n] rfx]sf] ljifo k9\g kfpF5 ls kfpFb}g
< To;sf nflu cgnfOgaf6 k9\g] xf] ls < sIffsf]7fd} uP/ k9g] xf] < jf
st} …/]km/nÚ sf];{ kf] ug]{ xf] ls < Tof] kIfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L
lyof] . of] sfdrflxF ug}{kg]{ klg b]lvG5 . To:tf] ljBfyL{n] nf]s;]jf jf cGoq
st} hfFr lbg vf]Hof] eg] s] x'G5 < gLlt lgdf{tfn] o;tkm{ uDeL/tfk"j{s
;f]Rg' kYof]{ . ca pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{'k5{ . pRr dfljn] …PÚ
b]lv …O{Ú u|]8;Dd NofPsf s'g–s'g ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] xf], :ki6 ¿kdf tf]lsg'k5{ .
cyf{Tf, xfdL la|hsf];{ lbG5f}F, o;/L hfg'k5{ eg]/ af6f] b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . …PÚ
ePg eg] klg of] sn]hdf hfg':f, …/]km/nÚ Snf; x'G5 eGg ;Sg'k5{ . To;f] ePg eg]
klg …tkfO{+n] rfx]sf] j]nfdf hfFr lbg ;Sg'k5{ / k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] klg
k/LIff lng] l8hfOg ug{'k5{ . To:tf] k/LIffsf b'O{j6f l8hfOg x'g ;S5g\ . Pp6f
JolQmn] cg'/f]w u/]kl5 lnOg] k/LIff / csf]{ lgoldt k/LIff . of] Joj:yf w]/}
7fpFdf nfu" x'g;S5 . pRr dfWoldsdf h:tf] bzf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf klg x'G5
. P;Pn;L lbPsfnfO{ lqljsf] gl;{Ësf] ;l6{lkms]6 n]endf egf{ lbg] ls glbg] <
jf ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] pQ/dWodfdf egf{ lbg] ls glbg] < To;}n] o;sf nflu
kl/ifb\sf ;fy} ljZjljBfno;Fu klg ;xsfo{ ug{' h?/L 5 . ahf/df hflu/ vfg hfg]
7fpFsf nflu klg ;Daf]wg x'g'k5{ . ca slt k|ltzt eg]/ ;f]lwFb}g, s'g u|]8 eg]/
;f]lwG5 . hflu/ vfg] 7fpFdf …PÚnfO{ dfq} lnG5' eGof] eg] kms]{/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . nf]s;]jf b]lv hflu/ lbg] c¿
lgsfo–;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{'k5{ . oL tLg kIf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} g s'g}
af6f] lg:sg ;S5 . xfdLsxfF Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of 5– xfdLn] h;/L pbf/ sIff]Gglt
rnfof}F To;/L ;'wf/ sIff rnfPgf}F . o;n] w]/} s'/f lauf¥of] . pbf/ sIff]Ggltn]
ljBfyL{ kf; t eP, t/ sdhf]/ hgzlQm dfly k'Uof] . To;}u/L u|]l8Ë k|0ffnLkl5 klg
sdhf]/, sfd gnfUg] / kl/0ffd lbg} g;Sg] hgzlQm sIff !! df k'Ug] cj:yf cfof] eg]
s] ug]{ < …8LÚeGbf d'lg Nofpg] km]n g} x'g\ . t/, km]n x'g]dWo]af6 w]/}eGbf
w]/}nfO{ s;/L kf; u/fpg] eGg] klg ;f]Rg' cfhsf] csf]{ cfjZostf 5 . olt ug{
;lsPg eg] of] u|]l8Ë k|0ffnL eg]sf] efiffdf dfq leGg x'g]5 . cj:yf / u'0f:t/df
s'g} ;'wf/ b]lvg] 5}g . u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ x'Fb}g eGbfeGb} klg lghL ljBfnon] eGg]
u/] h:tf] u|]l8Ë ubf{ u'0f:t/ vl:sg] rflxF kSs} xf]Og . P, aL, ;L, 8L n]Vg' /
!, @, #, $ n]Vg' Pp6} xf] . of] a'emfOdf dfq km/s xf] . ()–!)) Nofpg t
k9\g'k5{, ldlxg]t ug{'k5{ . %–!) gDa/ Nofpg] ljBfyL{ klg 5g\ . oL ljBfyL{ …8LÚ
/ …O{Ú u|]8df hfG5g\ . oL ljBfyL{ lxhf]sf klg sdhf]/ ljBfyL{ x'g\ . To;}n]
u|]l8Ëdf hfFb}df u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 eGg' klg a]t'ssf] ts{ xf] . n]6/ u|]l8Ë lzIff
dGqfnon] nfu" u¥of], lghL ljBfno ;~rfnsn] o;sf] a]jf:tf klg u/]sf 5g\ .
lzIfs o'lgog, lzIfs dxf;+3n] s] ug]{ eGg] dt cfpg cem} afFsL 5 . o;nfO{ lzIfsn]
klg ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pQ/k'l:tsf hfFRg' 7'nf] ;d:of xf]Og . lzIfsn]
k'/fg} tl/sfn] skL hfFr]/ gDa/ cg';f/ cIf/ /fv] x'G5 . of] a'emfpg ;s] ;d:of
x'Fb}g . u|]l8Ën] ljBfyL{nfO{ gDa/ p7fpg ;lhnf] eof] . ljBfyL{n] ! gDa/ Nofpg'
/ ( gDa/ Nofpg' Pp6} xf] . sltko 7fpFdf ljBfyL{sf] o; ljifodf bVvn 5 eg]/ lng]
;d]t rng /x]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmdf lglZrt ljifodf /fd|f] 1fg 5 eg] p;n] To;df
/fd|f] gDa/ NofpF5 / p;n] ;f]xL ljifodf /fd|f] ug{ ;S5 . tLg ljifodf kf; jf
kfFr ljifodf kf;eGbf klg km/s kb}{g . afFsLdf ldlxg]t ug{'k5{ eg]/ n]lvlbg] xf]
eg] klg /fd|} x'G5 . lqljn] ;]d]:6/ l;:6d nfu" u¥of], ljBfyL{ ;]d]:6/
5f8]/ hg/ndf k9\g uP . lqljn] ;]d]:6/ nfu" u/]sf] 7Ls xf] ls ljBfyL{
hg/ndf k9\g uPsf] 7Ls < cflv/df b'j} 7Ls xf] . n]6/ u|]l8Ë ljZj a}+ssf]
a'l4df cfPsf] xf] . 8n/ cfPkl5 lzIff dGqfnosf sdhf]/ dfG5]n] x'G5 elglbP .
To;sf] c;/ clxn] ;a}lt/ b]lvof] . of] ;d:of ;N6\ofpg lzIff dGqfnon] kxn ug{'k5{
. To;sf nflu dGqfnon] lzIfs, pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\, ljZjljBfno, nf]s;]jf
cfof]u, ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf ;a};Fu a;]/ 5nkmn ug{'k5{ . ljZjljBfnon] 5nkmn u/]/ P,
aL, ;L, 8L l;:6ddf n}hfcf}F eGbf klg x'G5 . cyjf ;l6{lkms]6df Psfkl§ klxn]sf]
h:t} gDa/ /flvlbg], csf]{lt/ cIf/ klg /fVg] k|0ffnL klg ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfn k4lt agfOlbP/ dfq x'Fb}g, sfof{Gjog s;/L ug]{ eGg] klg of]hgf
rflxG5 . clxn] lzIfsnfO{ tflnd g} cfjZos xf]Og, t/ ltdLn] h;/L gDa/ lbFb} cfPsf
5f}, To;/L g} b]pm / cfPsf] gDa/nfO{ cIf/df n]lvb]pm eg]/ l;sfOlbP k'U5 . xfd|f
lzIfssf] ljz]iftf s] 5 eg] pgLx¿ h] hfg]sf] 5 ToxL dfq s'/f u5{g\ . slt lzIfsn]
t @%–#) xhf/ lnP/ cfkm}Fn] ljBfyL{sf] k/LIff lbg] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . olt
x/fd lzIfs;d]t /x]sf] 7fpFdf ljb]zdf h:tf] Pp6f l;:6d NofOlbP/ dfq k'Ub}g . ca
cIf/f+sg k4ltnfO{ sfof{Gjog s;/L ug]{ eGg] lrGtg ug{'sf] cy{ 5}g . ca w]/}eGbf
w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L …PÚ Nofpg] agfpg] eGg] lrGtg ug{' h?/L 5 . ;se/ w]/}eGbf
w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L /fd|f] agfpg] eGg] ljifodf rflxF ;a}n] lrGtf ug{'kg]{
b]lvG5 . ljZj a+}ssf] Ph]G8fdf u|]l8Ë k4lt cfPsf] xf] . ljZj a}+ssf clwsf/Ln]
u'0f:t/sf nflu of] Ph]G8f NofOPsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ rflxg] xf] ls
xf]Og eGg]tkm{ s'g} cWoog ePsf] 5}g . ljZj a}+ssf] Ph]G8fdf sfo{qmd NofP/ dfq
x'G5 < lqljn] NofPsf] ;]d]:6/sf] klg xfnt ToxL 5 . ljBfyL{ u'0f:t/ rflxFb}g
t eGb}gGf\, t/ ;]d]:6/ 5f8]/ lsg hg/nlt/ hfG5g\ eGg] k|Zg klg p7\5 . u'0f:t/
grflxP/ ;]d]:6/ kl9\bgF eg]sf t xf]Ogg\ . w]/}j6f sfo{qmd g]kfnnfO{ rflxPsf]
x'Fb}g, t/ 8f]g/nfO{ eg] gofF–gofF sfo{qmd rflxPsf] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] OR5f cg';f/
xfd|fn] sfd u/]sf] x'gfn] of] cj:yf cfPsf] xf] . u|]l8Ë k|0ffnLaf6 :jtM kf; x'g]
xf]Og, o;af6 ljBfyL{ sIff !) df g/f]lsg] dfq xf] . ljBfyL{ cf7 u|]8leq k5{g\ .
s'g u|]8df kg]{ eGg] ljBfyL{sf] ldlxg]tdf e/ k5{ . …PÚ u|]8 cfof] eg] ljBfyL{
ljZjsf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf hfg ;S5g\ . …O{Ú cfpg] ljBfyL{nfO{ ahf/n] lnFb}g . of]
;Gb]z ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfpg ;lsof] eg] ltgn] k9\g dg u5{g\ . of] s'/f lzIfsnfO{
klg a'emfpg' k¥of] . Pp6f csf]{ ljsNk /x]sf] 5 . ljb]z hfgsf nflu cfOPnl6P;,
6f]kmn, lhcf/O{ ug{'k5{ . o;df ljBfyL{sf] l8lehgsf] jf:tf x'Fb}g . olb
P;Pn;Lsf] glthfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ xf] eg] sIff !! df egf{ x'gsf nflu 6f]kmn,
lhcf/O{ h:t} hfFr lnP/ pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ dfq egf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ljlzi6Ls[t
k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ xf] eg] ;lhnf] x'g;S5 . !! sIffdf egf{ x'g s;}sf] gDa/
k'u]g eg] p;nfO{ cgnfOg, /]l8of], l6eLaf6 k9 x} eGg'k5{ . p;nfO{ ljsNk
lbg]lalQs} ;d:of ;lN6G5 . ljb]zdf u|]l8Ë Ps¿ktfsf nflu P, aL, ;L, 8L ubf{ x'G5
. Pl;of Kofl;lkms l/hgdf n]6/ u|]l8Ësf] tl/sf km/s–km/s 5 . s;}n] kfFr tx,
s;}n] cf7 tx, s;}n] !# tx /fv]sf] kfOG5 . b]z cg';f/ km/s–km/s k|0ffnL 5 .
8]gdfs{df !# tx;Dd /fv]sf] kfOG5 eg] Sofg8fdf gf} tx;Dd /fv]sf] kfOG5 . …PÚ,
…aLÚ, …;LÚn] SofDk;df egf{ kfpF5f}, …8LÚ / …O{Ún] ahf/df sfd kfpF5f} geP Pp6f
6]:6sf] Joj:yf u/]/ To;df /fd|f] u/ eGg'k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yf u¥of] eg] ;d:of
x'Fb}g . :6\ofG88f{Oh 6]:6df an ug{'k¥of] . ljBfyL{n] k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{
. of] z}lIfs ;+:yfdf of] u|]8sfn] dfq egf{ kfpF5g\ eGg] eof] eg] To;n] ;fdflhs
wfFhf NofpF5 . d]l/6sf cfwf/df wfFhf Nofpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{'x'Fb}g, Ifdtf
cg';f/ hfg ;Sg] af6f] vf]Hg] ljsNk ;a}nfO{ lbg'k5{ . -sf]O/fnf lzIffljb\ x'Gf_
gofF klqsf b}lgsjf6
df]km;n kqsfl/tf
kqsfl/tf ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofg xf]
elu/y cj:yfL
/]l8of] lg+unfz}gL, a}t8L
tkfO+{sf] k'/f kl/ro kfpF g <
— d]/f] gfd euL/y cj:yL xf] . d]/f] 3/ z+s/k'/ uflj; j8f
g+ ( df kb{5 . d clxn] a}t8Ldf /x]sf] /]l8of] lg+unfz}gLdf sfd ub{5' .
tkfO{n] lsg kqsfl/tf k]zf /f]Hg' eof] <
— kqsfl/tf k]zf d]/f] ;fgf] b]lvsf] /x/ g} xf] .
/]l8of]df af]Ng] klxnf wf]sf] lyof] . t/ of] k]zf xf] eGg] yfxf lyPg . kl5Nnf]
;dodf o;nfO{ d]n} k]zfsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5' . k]zfsdL{ eP/ g} sfd u/L/x]sf] 5' .
slt ;do eof] o; k]zfdf nfu]sf] <
— @)^# ;fnb]lv d kqsfl/tf k]zfdf cfj4 5' . aLrdf 8]9
aif{hlt cf+lzs ?kdf dfq kqsfl/tf u/]klg c? ;do k"0f{ ?kdf kqsfl/tf k]zfdf
g} 5' .
s:tf] vfnsf] kqsfl/tf ug{ ?rfpg' x'G5 <
— d ;sf/fTds kqsfl/tf ?rfpg] dfG5] xf] . ;dfhdf ePsf
;sf/fTds ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6]/ ;dfhnfO{ phf{ lbg ;lsG5 eGg] d]/f] dfGotf xf] .
;fdflhs laifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]/ kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf] 5' .
Ps kqsf/ eP/ cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofx? s] s] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <
— ljleGg ;d:ofx? cfOk5{g\ . cfly{s, ;fdflhs cGo ;d:ofx?
klg b]vf k5{g . t/ ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf hggL x'g\ . ltg} ;d:ofnfO{ 6]s]/ cufl8
a9]g' >]o:s/ x'G5 .
df]km;n} ePklg a}t8Ldf
a;]/ kqsfl/tf u/L u|fld0f If]qsf d'2fnfO{ p7fpg slQsf] ;lhnf] of ufx|f]
5 <
— u|fld0f If]qsf d'2f klxrfgsf] ;jfn ;a}eGbf a9L h6Ln 5 .
;a}eGbf klxnf d'2f s] xf] Tof] laifodf kf]Vt x'g h?/L 5 . d'2f p7fpFbf ljleGg
vfnsf ;d:ofx? 5g\ . :ynut l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ TolTts} ufx|f] 5 eg] sltkosf] lrQ
a'em\g] ga'em\g] klg x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ d'2f p7fpg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g\ .
kqsf/Ltfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xgsf nfuL gfd, rrf{ jf cfly{s s]
sf/0fn] k|]l/t ul/x]sf] 5 <
— of] s'g} rrf{sf] laifo xf]Og . of] laz'4 k]zfsf] ?kdf
lng'k5{ . t/ of] k]zfaf6 bfdeGbf gfd g} a9L sdfOG5 . o;df b'Odt 5}g\ . t/
cfkm"n] sdfPsf] gfdsf] ;fv /fVg ;Sg' klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . clxn]
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf kqsfl/tf k]zfnfO{ w]/}n] 8/sf] ?kdf x]5{g . d]/f] ljrf/ of]
t ;a};+usf] ;xsfo{sf] k]zf xf] . kqsf/n] s]xL ul/xfN5g ls eGg] w]/} dflg;sf]
dfgl;stf 5 . kqsf/n] s]xL ub}{g ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu e"ldsf v]N5
eGg] d]/f] a'emfO 5 .
tkfO{ sfo{/t lgUnfz}gL PkmPd s:tf] rNb} 5 <
— /fd|f] rln/x]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf] ;DejtM pRrf] :yfgdf o;sf]
k|zf/0f s]Gb| 5 . lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L Ifdtf ePsf] /]l8of]df sfd ug{ kfpFbf v'zL
nfu]sf] 5 . xfdL lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L, u}/;sf/L lgsfox?, Jofkf/Lx? cfd gful/s;+u
;xsfo{ u/]/ lxl8/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdL;+u cg'ejL kqsf/ ;fyLx?sf] 6Ld 5, To;}n] klg
sfd ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
nfdf] ;do b]lv kqsf/Ltfdf x'g'x'G5, 3/kl/jf/nfO{ slQsf]
;do lbg ;Sg' ePsf] 5 <
— 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf ;do lgsfNg] u/]sf] 5'
. t/ kqsfl/tf k]zf g} o:t} xf] eg]/ lrQ a'emfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 3/kl/jf/;+u a:bf
/dfOnf] ePklg w]/} lbg a:g eg] kfOb}g . km]/L 3/df cln a:g yfNof] eg] s] 5'6]
h:tf] x'G5 . ca t afgL klg kl/;Sof] .
ækqsf/sf] vfgf lr;f], >LdtL l/;n] tftfÆ ePsf x'G5g /],
tkfO{sf] ef]ufO{ s] 5 <
— of] k]zfdf d]/f] kl/jf/sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u / ;fy 5 .
d}n] @)^# ;fnb]lv kqsfl/tf ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . d]/f] kl/jf/sf] o;df ;xof]u x'Gy]g
eg] d of] k]zfdf x'g] lyPg . kl/jf/sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u 5 . pgLx?sf cfjZostf
k"/f ug{ g;lsP klg pgLx?n] klg of] k]zfsf] dd{ a'em]sf 5g\ h:tf] nfU5 .
df]km;nsf ;~rf/dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] xs lxtsf nflu
kqsf/x?sf a}rfl/s ;+u7gx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
— ca of] laifodf d w]/} elGbg . cflv/ xfdL kqsf/x? k]zfut
?kdf cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . JolQmut ljrf/ k]zfdf emlNsg' x'Gg eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 .
tkfOsf] ljrf/df kqsfl/tf s] xf] <
— ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofg xf] .
clxn] kqsfl/tf If]q jb\gfldt x'Fb}5, kqsfl/tf If]qdf
nfu]s}x?n] lbpF;} hfF8 vfP/ xNnf ug]{, cfkm'nfO{ 5'§} b'lgFofsf] dfG5] 7fGg],
;dfrf/nfO{ lnP/ df]ndf]nfO{ ug]{ h:tf k|a[lQx? klg b]lvPsf 5g eGg] cf/f]k 5
nfUg] u/]sf] 5, a}t8Lsf] cj:yf s:tf]] 5 <
— a}t8Ldf To:tf] 5}g . d Pp6f k|ltli7t ;~rf/dfWoddf sfd
ug]{ kqsf/ ePsfn] klg xfdLn] o:tf s'/fx? ug{ ;'xfpFb}g .
tkfO{ slQsf] nfUg' ef 5 o:tf s'/fx?df <
— o:tf s'/fx?df nfUg] xf] eg] kqsfl/tf k]zfnfO{ ltnf~hnL
lbg'k5{ .
df]km;n kqsfl/tf If]qdf ;'wf/sf nflu tkfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ s] ;'emfj lbg rfxfg'x'G5 <
— df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] :ki6 gLltsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kqsf/x?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, Ifdtf clej[l4 nufotsf s'/fx?df
klg Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 .
;do / ;Dafbsf nfuL wGoafb .
— d]/f] ljrf/ k|sfzg u/]sf]df laDa ;fKtflxsnfO{ klg
wGojfb 5 .
nf]s;]jfsf] tof/Lsf nflu pkof]uL
a:t'ut k|Zgf]Q/x? M
!= Ps Sofnf]/Ldf slt h'n x'G5 <
— $=@ h'n
@= pku|x gePsf u|xx? s'g s'g x'g\ <
— a'w / z'qm
#= r08L k"hf g]kfnsf] s'g hfltdf k|rlnt 5 <
— /fO{
$= eQmk'/sf clGtd dNnf /fhf sf] x'g\ <
— /0flht dNn
%= g]kfndf ko{6g aif{ @)!! sf] d"n gf/f s] lyof]
<
— ko{6gsf nflu ;uF;u}F
^= Ifo/f]uaf6 aRg s'g vf]k k|of]u ug{' kb+{5 <
— aL=;L=hL
&= g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hgu0fgf lng] ;+:yf s'g xf]
<
— ;]G;/ uf]Zjf/f
*= ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] aflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd s;n]
kfl/t ub{5 <
— ufpF kl/ifb\
(= g]kfnsf] klxnf] sn]h lqrG› sn]h cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfndf s'g
ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] <
— sf]nsftf
!) lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms ljj/0f sxfF /flvG5 <
— lghfdtL lstfavfgf
!!=ljZj pkef]Qmf clwsf/ lbj; slxn] dgfpg] ul/G5 <
— dfr{ !% -o; aif{sf] /fli6«o gf/f :j:y vfgf, pkef]Qmfsf]
clwsf/_
!@= gofF nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ / gofF ;kgf b]Vg ltdL slxNo}
a'9f] x'b}Fgf} eGg] ljrf/s sf] x'g\ <
— l;o; n]lj;
!#= ag]kf l;Gw'nL alb{jf; ;8ssf] nDafO{ slt ls=ld= /x]sf]
5 <
— !^) ls=ld=
!$= lj=;+= @)&! kmfu'g @$ b]lv @^ ;Dd gjhft lzz',
pgLx?df nfUg] /f]u, ;+qmd0f / lgbfg ;DalGw cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng sxfF ;DkGg eof]
<
— w/fg
!%= ISBN sf] k'/f ?k s] xf] <
International Standard Book Number
!^= ;f]nf/ ODkN; @ eg]sf] s] xf] <
— ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] xjfO{hxfh
!&= g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf lx;fan] ljZjsf] slt cf}+
:yfgdf kb{5 <
— @% cf}+
!*= lj=;+= @)&! kmfu'g @* df /fhwfgLdf cfof]lht Ps
laz]if ;df/f]xdf rnlrq aif{ JolQmsf ?kdf ;Ddflgt x'g] k|ltef sf] sf] x'g\ <
— ;f}uft lai6 / lk|o+sf sfs{L
!(= Unf]an kmfOgfG; aN8{ a]:6 a}+s cjf8{sf ;fy} aN8{ a}6{
Odlh{ª dfs{]6\; a}+s Og Pl;of Kofl;lkms @)!% af6 ;Ddflgt x'g] a}+s s'g xf] <
— :6fG8{8 rf6{8 a}+s g]kfn lnld6]8
@)= gofF ;+;f/ elg lrlgg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < — pQ/ cd]l/sf
@!= clk|msf dxfb]zsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s] elg lrlgG5 <
— e]N8
@@= a}lbs sfndf j]bsf] cWoog kl5 ;Gof; lng] dlxnfnfO{ s]
elgYof] <
— a|XdjflbgL
@#= k|zfGt dxf;fu/ s'g cfsf/df /x]sf] 5 <
— lqe'hfsf/
@$= lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5sf klxnf] lzIff
dGqL sf] x'g\ <
— g[kh+u /f0ff
@%= cf7 jif{sf] pd]/df
g]kfnL lkmr/ lkmNd …ne o' afafÚ lgb{]zg u/]/ ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug]{ ;a}eGbf
sfG5f lgb]{zs sf] x'g <
— ;f}uft lai6 -pgL ;aeGbf sdpd]/df Aoj;flos ?kdf lkmr/
lkmNd agfpg] sfG5f lgb{]zs eGb} lulgh a's ckm jN8{ /]s8{\;n] …of]ª\u]:6 lkmNd
8fO{/]S6/Ú sf] pkflw lbPsf] 5 . pgn]
lgb{]zg u/]sf] lkmNd l/lnh x'Fbf pgL cf7 jif{sf lyP . !@ l8;]Da/ @)!$ df pgsf]
lkmNd l/lnh x'Fbf ;f}uftsf] pd]/ & jif{ # ;o $) lbg_
;|f]t ;+sns M /fd lai6
;flxTo÷;[hgf
k|]d, Tofu ls :jfy{ Û
dfof lbPs} lyPF dx;l/
ltdLn] d]/f] d'6' dfUof}
au}rf lbPs} lyPF
laxfg} cfP/ d]/f cfFvf dfUof}
;flGgWo, ;fxro{, lbPs} lyPF
cem a9L dfUof}, ef]uL cfFvfn]
d}n] eg]y]
d /fu lbG5', s07 a]Rg ;lSbg d
;xf/f lbG5', oL xft ;'Dkg ;lSbg d
;do lbPs} lyPF ;'g;l/
ltdLn] d]/f] lgb dfUof}
eg] ;kgfx¿ ltdLnfO ef]
Pslbg cf]7 dfUof}
eg] d]/f d':sfgx¿ klg ltdLnfO ef]
crfgs e]6\g 5f8]p
ud] s] d l/lQPF / <
dgdf 5fd] ltdLnfO{
w8\sFb} lyof} p:t}u/L ue{sf] lzz' h:tf]
y}nLaf6 lgsfn]/ ltd|f] tl:a/ x]/]
lkm:; xfF;]sf] b]v] ltdLnfO
ue{df ;d'›n] s]xL n'sfP h:tf]
em/Ldf k|s[ltn] afbnnfO ;'sfP h:tf] .
lgtf s]=;L e§/fO{
n}grf}/, sf7df08f}+
ge]l6Psf] dfof
pbfO{ /x]5 ;'o{
k'j{ cfsfzdf x/lbg
clg pbfO{ /x]5 rG›
klZrd cfsfzdf x//ft
t/ oL b'j}n] Ps cfk;df
slxn] e]6 ub}{gg\
slxn] gh/ h'bfpmb}gg\
g slxn] dfof nfp5g
oL b'O{ kn kn t8\kL /x]5g
Ps cfk;df ;dflxt x'g\
h;l/ gbLsf b'O{ lsgf/f
h;l/ r'Dassf b'O{
w'j{
t/ oL b'j} nfrf/ 5g\
To;}n] of] b'lgofnfO{
cfˆgf] Joyf clg Kof;sf]
s'g} j]bgf clg syf g;'gfO{
cfp5g clg hfG5g
ha ;'o{ c:tfp5 klZrddf
ta rG›nfO{ :jfut ul/
ge]6L 8'aL lbG5g
ha rG› c:tfp5 k'j{df
ta ;'o{ nfO{ :jfut ul/
ge]6L 8'aL lbG5g
oL Ps cfk;df slt, kl/k'/s 5g\ t}klg
logLx?sf] g s'g}, ldng g s'g} lj5f]8
oL b'O{ of] ;[i6Lsf, lbg clg /ftsf
b]lvPsf b]jtfx?, s]jn of] hut nfO{
pHofnf] lbg clg nflndf 5g{
lg/Gt/ 3'ld/x]sf 5g\, cfˆg} sIfdf clg :yfgdf
s]jn s'dfn]sf] rqm em}F
/f]zg
e§, bf]xf–stf/
;"rgf÷;Gb]z÷la1fkg
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf blntsf] clwsf/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf blntsf] xs clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 M
¨ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo
5'jf5"tsf] cGTo ug]{ . ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ /fHosf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo
x'g] . ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt jf cGo s'g}
cfwf/df e]befj gul/g] . ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf dlxnf, blnt,
nufot gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if
Joj:yf ug]{ .
¨ s'g} JolQmnfO{ pTklQ, hft,
hflt, ;d'bfo, k]zf, Joj;fo jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs
:yfgdf s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'jf5"t jf e]befj gul/g] .
¨ s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf
pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft jf hfltsf]
JolQmnfO{ v/Lb jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufOg] jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g}
vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f jf k|bfg gul/g] .
¨ pTklQ, hft, hflt jf zf/Ll/s
cj:yfsf] cfwf/df s'g} JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{ pRr jf gLr bzf{pg], hft, hflt jf
5'jf5"tsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs e]befjnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7fGg] jf 5'jf5"t tyf
hftLo pRrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ jf hftLo lje]bnfO{ s'g}
lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ gkfOg] . hftLo cfwf/df 5'jf5"t u/L jf gu/L sfo{:yndf
s'g} k|sf/sf] e]befj ug{ gkfOg] . ;a} k|sf/sf 5'jf5"t tyf e]befj hGo sfo{
uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf b08gLo x'g] / kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] . blntn]
/fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] .
¨ blnt ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut
k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{ kfpg] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
nufotsf /f]huf/Lsf cGo If]qdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf
nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] . blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd 5fqj[lQ
;lxt lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g] .
¨ k|fljlws / Jofj;flos pRr
lzIffdf blntsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] .
¨ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ :jf:Yo /
;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] .
¨ blnt ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut
k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt cfw'lgs Joj;fodf pgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ To;sf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ ;Lk / ;|f]t pknAw u/fO{g] .
¨ e"ldxLg blntnfO{ Psk6s
hdLg pknAw u/fO{g] / cfjf;ljxLg blntnfO{ a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ul/g] . blnt
;d'bfonfO{ k|fKt ;'ljwf blnt dlxnf, k'?if / ;a} ;d'bfosf blntn] ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf
kfpg] u/L Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ul/g] .
¨ ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf
dlxnf, blnt ;d]tn] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflu x'g kfpg]
;fdflhs Gofosf] xs x'g] .
¨ ;dfhdf ljBdfg wd{, k|yf,
k/Dk/f, /Llt tyf ;+:sf/sf gfddf x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b, c;dfgtf, zf]if0f /
cGofosf] cGTo ug]{ .
¨ x/jf, r/jf, xlnof,
e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf] klxrfg u/L a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ 38]/L tyf
hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lifof]Uo hdLg jf /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{
.
¨ pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf
gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f, ljsf; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
kl/k"lt{sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .
¨ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs Gofo
k|bfg ubf{ ;a} ln+u, If]q / ;d'bfoleqsf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGgnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg
ug]{ . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z ;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
¨ /fli6«o ;efdf k|To]s k|b]zaf6
sDtLdf Ps hgf blnt lgjf{lrt ug'{ kg]{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Lsf] ;"rgf
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no rfnrng zfvfaf6 lat/0f
x'b} cfO{/x]sf] k|x/L rfl/lqs k|df0f kq (Police Veryfication Report) lng] ;]jf
u|fxLsf] rfk s]lx ;do b]lv cToflws a9]sf]n] ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/
/fvL pQm rfl/lqs k|df0f kq (Police
Veryfication Report) xfn ldlt @)&@.)(.)% ut]
b]lv ;'b'/klZrd If]qsf] c~rn k|x/L sfof{no ;]tLaf6 lgDgfg';f/ kmf/fd btf{ tyf
ljt/0f x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL Joxf]/f hfgsf/Lsf] nfuL cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .
kmf/fd btf{ / ljt/0f
!_ kmf/fd btf{ -k|To]s cfO{taf/ b]lv lalxaf/;Dd_
@_ ljt/0f -k|To]s lalxaf/ / z'qmaf/_
#_ btf{ :yfg -c~rn k|x/L sfof{no ;]tL wgu9L s}nfnL .
$_ ljt/0f :yfg -c~rn k|x/L sfof{no ;]tL wgu9L s}nfnL .
jN8{ lehg cGt/fli6«o g]kfn
8f]6L, ;dfg kx'Fr lasf; s]Gb| -l;8_ g]kfn, lhNnf jfn sNof0f ;ldlt / laDa g]kfnL
;fKtflxsåf/f hf/L
afn ;+/If0f ;Gb]z
afnclwsf/sf l;4fGtx?
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw
!(*( sf ;Gbe{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltn] lgDg rf/ k|fjwfgx¿nfO{
l;4fGtsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . logLx¿ cfkm}F dxf;lGwdf Joj:yf ePsf clwsf/sf
k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]t x'g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿ dxf;lGwdf Joj:yf ePsf ;a} clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf
;Gbe{df ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf nfu' x'G5g\ .
e]befj ug{ gx'g]
¨ k|To]s afnssf] clwsf/sf]
;DaGwdf afns, p;sf afa–cfdf jf j}wflgs cleefjssf] hflt, /ª\u, lnª\u, efiff,
wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/x¿, /fli6«o,
hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;Ddfg / k|Tofe'lt lbg' kg]{5 .
¨ afnssf cfdfafa', j}wflgs cleefjsx¿ jf cGo kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf] x}l;ot,
lj|mofsnfk, cleJoQm wf/0ffx¿ jf cf:yfx¿sf cfwf/df ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj jf
;hfoaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ o; dxf;lGwsf] kIfsf /fi6«x¿n] ;a} plrt sbdx¿
rfNg] 5g\ .
¨ ;fj{hlgs cyjf lghfdtL sNof0fsf/L ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿, cbfntx¿, k|zf;lgs ;+oGqx¿
jf ljwflosfx¿ ;a}n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfd s'/f ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd
lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 .
¨ afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa', j}wflgs cleefjs jf sfg'gL ¿kdf ltgsf nflu lhDd]jf/
cGo JolQmx¿sf] afnaflnsfk|ltsf] clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} afnaflnsfsf]
lxtsf nflu cfjZos ;+/If0f / :ofxf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{5g\ / o; p2]Zosf lglDt ;a}
plrt j}wflgs / k|zf;lgs pkfox¿ ug]{5g\ .
¨ afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/ / ;+/If0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgsfox¿ ;dIf clwsf/Lx¿n]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08x¿, vf;u/L ;'/Iff,
:jf:Yo cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof / pko'Qmtfsf] ;fy;fy} bIf ;'kl/j]If0fsf]
Joj:yf ug]{5g\ .
xflb{s ;dj]bgf
o;
k|lti7fgsf ;lrj >L /f]h]Gb| hf]zLsf k'HogLo a'jf /fdrGb| hf]zLsf] ldlt
@)&@ ;fn k'if !! ut] ^) jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] vj/n] xfdLnfO{ cToGt}
ddf{xt jgfPsf] 5 . b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf d[t cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{
;f]sfs'n kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
lxSdt 3n] -cWoIf_
tyf lqj]0fL snf k|lti7fg,
8f]6L kl/jf/
xflb{s ;dj]bgf
g]skf
Pdfn]sf ;+ul7t ;b:o sd/]8 /f]h]Gb| hf]zLsf k'HogLo a'jf /fdrGb| hf]zLsf] ldlt
@)&@ ;fn k'if !! ut] ^) jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] vj/n] xfdLnfO{
cToGt} ddf{xt jgfPsf] 5 . b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf d[t cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{
;f]sfs'n kl/jf/hgk|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
rqm dNn -cWoIf_
tyf g]skf Pdfn], lhNnf sld6L
8f]6L kl/jf/
dfnkf]t sfof{no 8f]6Laf6 hf/L ul/Psf]
xsbfjL ;DjlGw #% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sfl;t ldlt M
@)&@÷(÷(
8f]6L
lb=l;=g=kf=j8f g+=!! ;fljs ltvf j8f g+=# l:yt ls=g+=@)#, #!%, $!@, $@#,
%&!, ^#! P]= j8f g+=^ sf] ls=g+=*$, !*%, !() P]= j8f g+=* sf] ls=g+=!$* /
!%) sf] hUuf ;fljs ltvf j8f g+=^ a:g] lj/efg ;fsL{ / ;]/] ;fsL{sf] gfpFdf
gfkgS;f e} >]:tf k'hf{ sfod ePsf]df lj/efg ;fsL{sf] ldlt M @)^@÷^÷# df d[To'
e};s]sf]n] d[tssf] z]ifkl5sf] xsbf/ Psdfq klTg wf}nLb]lj ;fsL{sf] ldlt M
@)%(÷@÷% df d[To' eO{;s]sf] x'bf d[ts hUufwgL lj/efg ;fsL{sf] z]ifkl5sf] xsbf/
b"O{ hgf 5f]/f pQd jxfb'/ ;fsL{ / dfg jxfb'/ ;fsL{ dfq ePsf] / hUufwgL
;]/] ;fsL{sf] ldlt M @)%%÷#÷!% df d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] / lghsf] xsbf/ klTg O{;/f
e"n @)%& ;fndf /fgfufpF uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ a:g] bnL e"n;+u kf]O{n
uO{;s]sL x'bf lgh hUufwgL ;]/] ;fsL{sf] ;Gtfg 5f]/f5f]/L ;d]t sf]xL s]xL geO{
ck'tfnL k/]sf]n] x'bf+ d[ts hUufwlg 4o lj/efg ;fsL{ / ;]/] ;fsL{sf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm >]itf k'hf{
ePsf] ;fljs ltvf j8f g+=# l:yt ls=g+=@)#, #!%, $!@, $@#, %&!, ^#! P]= j8f
g+=^ sf] ls=g+=*$, !*%, !() P]= j8f g+=* sf] ls=g+=!$* / !%) sf] k'/} 3/ hUufx?sf]
z]ifkl5sf] xsbf/ xfdLx? b'O{hgf pQd
jxfb'/ ;fsL{ / dfg jxfb'/ ;fsL{ dfq ePsf]n] pNn]lvt d[tssf gfpFsf] k'/} 3/ hUufx? xfdLx?sf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm
gfd;f/L u/L kfpF egL lb=l;=g=kf=sfof{no 8f]6L sf] r=g+=*##
ldltM-)&@÷(÷& sf] ls6fgL l;kmfl/;, d[tssf] gfd sf] h=w=k|=k'hf{, d[To'
btf{ k|df0fkq, gftf k|dfl0ft, g]kfnL gf=k|=k, dfnkf]t a'emfPsf] /l;b cfbL
k|df0fx? ;fy} /fvL] pQd jxfb'/ ;fsL{ / dfg jxfb'/ ;fsL{n] o; sfof{nodf lgj]bg
lbg'ePsf]n] pQm hUuf ;DjGwdf s'g} s;}sf] xsbfjL k'Ug] eP jf gfd;f/L ug{ gkg]{
s'g} sf/0f eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s #% - k}lt;
_ lbg leq cfkm";Fu ePsf ;Ssn k|df0f ;fy sfof{nodf ph'/ bfjL ug{ cfpg'
xf]nf cGoyf Dofb leq s'g} s;}n] ph'/L bfjL gu/] lgodfg';f/ e} hfg] Joxf]/f o;}
;"rgfåf/f hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
dfnkf]t sfof{no 8f]6Laf6 hf/L ul/Psf]
xsbfjL ;DjlGw #% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|yd
k6s ;"rgf k|sfl;t ldlt M @)&@÷(÷(
8f]6L
/fgfufpF uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# l:yt ls=g+=$, $@, !%), !&@, !*& /
P]=b'uf{df08f} uf=lj=;=j8f g+=( ls=g==### sf]
hUuf gf/bsf] gftL sfdb]jsf] 5f]/f
3g; /fd hf]zL -h}l;_ sf] gfpFdf gfkgS;f e} >]:tf k'hf{ sfod ePsf]df 3g; /fd
hf]zL -h}l;_ sf] ldlt M @)^#÷^÷!@ df d[To' e};s]sf]n] d[tssf] z]ifkl5sf] xsbf/
Psdfq klTg b]j;/fb]lj h}l; dfq ePsf] x'bf+ d[ts hUufwlg sf] gfpFsf] k'/} w/
hUufx? d]/f gfpFdf Psnf}6L gfd;f/L u/L kfpF ;fy} hUufwlg k|df0f k'hf{df d[tssf]
gfd 3g; /fd hf]zL /3g; /fd h}l; ePsf] / b]j;/f b]lj h}l;sf] g]kfnL gf=k|=k=df
kltsf] gfd 3gZofd h}l; eO{ kltsf] gfd km/s k/]sf] ePtf klg b'a} gfd 3g; /fd
hf]zL -h}l;_ / 3gZofd h}l; eGg] km/s km/s JolQm geO{ Pp6} JolQm d]/f klt g}
ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]t ;+;f]wg u/L d[tssf] gfpFsf] /fgfufpF uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# l:yt
ls=g+=$, $@, !%), !&@, !*& / P]=b'uf{df08f} uf=lj=;=j8f g+=( ls=g==###
sf] k'/} 3/hUufx? d]/f gfpFdf Psnf}6L gfd;f/L
u/L kfpF elg /fgfufpF uf=lj=;=sfof{no 8f]6L sf] r=g+=@* / @( ldlt M
)&@÷(÷& sf] ls6fgL l;kmfl/;, d[tssf] gfd sf] h=w=k|=k'hf{, d[To' btf{
k|df0fkq, gftfk|dfl0ft, g]kfnL gf=k|=k, dfnkf]t a'emfPsf] /l;b cfbL k|df0fx?
;fy} /fvL] 3gZofd h}l;sf] klTg b]j;/f b]lj h}l;n] o; sfof{nodf lgj]bg
lbg'ePsf]n] pQm hUuf ;DjGwdf s'g} s;}sf] xsbfjL k'Ug] eP jf gfd ;+;f]wg ug{
gkg]{ jf gfd;f/L ug{ gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn]
af6fsf Dofb afx]s #% -k}lt;_ lbg leq cfkm";Fu ePsf ;Ssn k|df0f ;fy
sfof{nodf ph'/ bfjL ug{ cfpg' xf]nf cGoyf Dofb leq s'g} s;}n] ph'/L bfjL gu/]
lgodfg';f/ e} hfg] Joxf]/f o;} ;"rgfåf/f hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
