xfd|f x/]s
sbd\x? /fli6«o :jfy{jf6 k|]l/t x'g] ;F:s[ltsf] lasf; u/f}+ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf
ljefu
d'Vo ;dfrf/
k|x/L a:tL e]63f6 sfo{qmd ;DkGg
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Ln] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Ps lbg] j:tL
e]63f6 sfo{qmd zlgjf/ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
æ;xeflutfd'ns zflGt ;'/Iff, cfhsf] cfjZostfÆ eGg] d'n gf/fsf ;fy
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] a:tL–k|x/L e]63f6 sfo{qmd cGt/ut jfhfufhf ;lxtsf] lazfn
¥ofnLn] gu/ kl/qmdf u/L :yfgLo O{Gb|rf]sdf d~rsf] sfo{qmddf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof]
. ¥ofnLdf …zflGt ;'/Iff ;j}sf] ;/f]sf/, ;d'Ggltsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/Ú,
…k|x/L ;j}sf], ;j}sf nflu k|x/LÚ, …k|x/Lsf] u/Ldf, a:tL / u:tLdfÚ h:tf gf/fsf
;fy;fy} gu/jf;Lx?nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iff / ck/fw lgoGq0f;+u ;DjlGwt ;Gb]zx? klg
;'gfO{Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfon 8f]6Lsf Gofoflwz efg'eQm
zdf{n] k|x/Ln] hgtf;+usf] ;DjGw /fd|f] jgfpgsf nflu u/]sf] of] kxn ;sf/fTds
/x]sf] larf/ JoQm u/] . Gofoflwz zdf{n] k|x/Lsf tLg sfd dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf]
jtfpFb} eg] …zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{, sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ / ck/fw cg';Gwfg
ug'{ k|x/Lsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L xf] .Æ k|x/Ln] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{sf nflu
;d'bfosf] ;xof]u kfpg' kg]{ jtfpFb} Gofoflwz zdf{n] o;sf nflu k|To]s gful/sn]
k|x/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbg], cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{, ck/fw ;+u ;DjlGwt ;j'tx?
;'/lIft /fVg] sfddf ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x u/] .
8f]6Lsf k|x/L k|d'v k|x/L pk/LIfs ef]h h+u zfxn]
zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{df k|x/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;j} If]q / ju{nfO{ cg'/f]w u/] .
k|p zfxn] hgtf / k|x/LaLrsf] ;DjGwnfO{ ;fy{s jgfpg], lhNnfdf ;"rgf a}Ë
lgdf{0f ug]{, zflGt ;'/Iffdf hg;xeflutf j9fpg] / zflGt ;'/IffnfO{ e/kbf]{ /
dhj'b jgfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy a:tL k|x/L
e]63f6 sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] jtfP . …k|x/L PSn}n] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{
;Sb}g, To;}n] hgtfsf] klg ;xof]u rflxG5Ú k|p zfxn] hgtfn] ;dod} ck/fw
eO{/x]sf], ePsf] jf x'g] jf/]df k|x/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbPdf k|x/Ln] tTsfn
cg';Gwfg yfngL ug]{ k|ltj4tf ;d]t JoQm u/] .
:yfgLo ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf gLlh If]qsf] ;d]t
;xof]udf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] k|x/L a:tL e]63f6 sfo{qmddf e'jf, x'8\s] nufotsf laleGg
:yfgLo ;fF:s[lts k|:t'ltx? ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf k|x/Ln] oftfoft
lgod, w'd|kfg, dBkfg, dlxnf lx+;f, jfn ;+/If0f nufotsf laifodf ;xeflux?nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Lsf] gful/s j8fkq
;d]t lat/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
;DkfbsLo
a:tL e]63f6sf] ;fGble{stf
ut ;ftf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Ln] k|x/L–a:tL e]63f6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u¥of] . sfo{qmddf pNn]Vo ;xeflutf /x\of] . ;xeflux?n] ;lqmotfk"j{s k|x/Lsf gf/fx? 3GsfP .
/dfO{nf] jftfj/0f pNn]Vo ;xeflutf / ;lqmo ;xeflutf, o;f] x]bf{ ;fob k|x/L /
;d'bfosf] ;DjGw k|uf9 x'Fb} uPsf] xf] ls eGg] ePsf] 5 .
lglZrt
?kdf k|x/L PSn}n] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ ;Sb}g . ck/fw eO{/x]sf] jf ePsf] jf
x'g] ;+s]tsf jf/]df k|x/LnfO{ ;dod}
;'–;"lrt ug]{ bfloTj x/]s ;r]t gful/ssf] xf] . ;"rgf kfpg] lalQs}
…PS;gÚ df hfg' kg]{ k|x/Lsf]
lhDd]jf/L xf] . o;sf nflu k|x/L / ;d'bfo b'j}sf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . To;sf/0f of] k|x/L—a:tL
e]63f6 sfo{qmdn] k|x/L / ;d'bfosf lardf /x]sf] b'/L sd ug{sf nflu d2t ug]{ 5 .
cGt/fli6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ s/Lj b'O{ ;o %) hg;+Vofdf
Ps hgf k|x/L x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 t/ xfd|f] b]zdf Ps hgf k|x/Lsf] efudf s/Lj cf7
;osf] ;'/Iff lhDdf k/]sf] x'G5 . of] t ;+VofTds lx;fjn] xf] . pRr JolQmx?sf]
JolQut ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs :yn tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff cflb If]qdf vl6Psf
k|x/Lsf] ;+Vof 36fpg] xf] eg] s/Lj Ps xhf/ hgtfsf] ;'/Iff Ps hgf k|x/Ln] ug'{
kg]{ jfWotf /x]sf] 5 .
csf]{ ;d:of g]kfnL k|x/L;+u cfjZos dfqfdf bIf
dfgjLo ;|f]t klg 5}g . Pp6} k|x/Ln] JolQmut ;'/Iff ug]{, u:tL ug]{, ck/fw
cg';Gwfg ug]{, ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ cyf{t k|x/Lleq hlt sfd ug'{ k5{ lt
;j} sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;d]t k|Zg lrGx nfUg]
u/]sf] 5 . sfd ug{ vf]Hbf vf]Hb} klg sltko sdLsdhf]/Lx? /x]sf x'G5g . h;n] ubf{
l;+uf] k|x/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;d]t jb\gfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . csf]{ k|x/L;+u cfjZos
ef}lts ;fwgsf] klg sdL 5 . cfjZos pks/0fx?, oftfotsf ;fwgx?, JolQmut tyf
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu /fHon] pknJw u/fPsf] ;]jf ;'lawfx? lo ;j} klg sd}
5g . cem pgLx?n] pRr /fhgLlts bjfjdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf klg 5 . h;n] ubf{
k|x/Ln] ;dod} sfd ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / lgZkIf klg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . of] Pp6f sf/0f
xf] k|x/Ln] ;d'bfodf cfkm\gf] 5jL jgfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
csf]{ s'/f k|x/Lleq} /x]sf sltko JolQmx?sf]
JolQmut cfgLjfgLsf sf/0f klg k|x/LnfO{ hgtfn] laZjf; ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
k|x/LnfO{ ;d'bfon] ;De|fGt ju{sf] kIfkf]if0fsf nflu xf] eGg] a'em]sf 5g . sltko
36gfqmdn] To;f] xf] ls eGg] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . of] s'/fnfO{ lrg{sf nflu k|x/Ln]
cfkm'df Jofks ;'wf/ ug{ h?/L 5 . hgtfsf] ;xof]u, ;fy cfjZos xf] eg] ;dod} o;
laifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 .
lo / o:t} laifox?nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L k|x/Ln] cfkm\gf
sfd sf/jfxLx?nfO{ cuf8L j9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;d'bfon] klg k|x/L la:tf/} cfd
hgtfsf] k|x/L x'Fb}5 eGg] s'/fsf] dx;'; ub}{ hfg' k5{ / To;} lx;fjn] cuf8L
j9\g' kg]{ x'G5 . k|x/Ln] ;d'bfo;+u 3'nldn x'g] o:tf ;fd'bflos ultlalwx? ;~rfng
ug'{ k5{ . To;df ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx?n] ;fy lbg h?/L 5 . cj k'/fg} 9/f{df rNg]
k|x/Ln] ablnbf] kl/l:yltdf gt zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ ;S5 gt ck/fw cg';Gwfgg} ug{
;S5 . To;}n] ;j}sf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 .
yk ;dfrf/
dxf;+3df
lai6 Kofgn lahoL
k|ultlzn kqsf/x?sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf lqmofl;n kqsf/ 8f= dx]Gb| lai6 g]kfn kqsf/
dxf;+3sf] cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g . lai6n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;d"xn] dxf;+3df
ar{:j sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
dtu0fgf ;lxt tLg lbg;Dd sf7df08f}+df rn]sf] dxflwj]zgn] lji6sf]
g]t[Tjdf gofF sfo{;ldlt rog u/]sf]
xf] . k|]; rf}tf/L;+u cfj4 lji6n] k|]; o'lgogsf pDd]bjf/ kf]if0f
s];LnfO{ *) dt cGt/n] k/flht u/]sf x'g\ .
o:t} v'nf pkfWoIfdf lvnaxfb'/ e08f/L, ;dfj]zL pkfWoIfdf clgtf ljGb',
dxf;lrjdf plh/ du/, v'nf ;lrjdf k|eft rnfpg], ;dfj]zL ;lrjdf wd]{Gb| s0f{,
dlxnf ;lrjdf ;+uLtf v8\sf, P;f]l;P6 ;lrjdf w|'j nD;fn / sf]iffWodf
;"o{d0fL uf}tdn lgjf{lrt eP .
;dfj]zL pkfWoIf lgjf{lrt clgtf laGb' k|]; o'lgog;+u cfj4 5g . If]qLo
;b:o, v'nf ;b:o, dlxnf, cflbjf;L /hghflt, cNk;+Vos, dw];L, blnt s]Gb|Lo ;b:odf
klg clwsf+z lji6 Kofgns} ljhoL eP .
pkTosfdf ;+o'St Kofgnsf O{Zj/L jfUn] / /fd x/L l;njfnn] lht]sf 5g\ .
k"jf{~rndf ;+o'St Kofgnsf u0f]z kf]v/]n / u0f]z nD;fn ljhoL ePsf 5g\ .
dWodf~rndf k|ultzLn ;d"xsf rL/~hLjL df:s] / o'lgogsf zLtn dxtf] ljhoL
ag]sf 5g\ .
klZrdf~rnaf6 ;+o'St Kofgnsf xl/gf/fo0f uf}td / ?b| e§n] lht]sf 5g\ .
k|lti7fgtkm{ ;+o'St Kofgns} ;'/h cfrfo{
/ /f]zg k'/L ljhoL ag]sf 5g\ .
s0ff{nLdf k|ultzLn Kofgnsf gj/fh
dxtf/f lahoL ePsf 5g eg] eg] ;'b'/kZlrddf klg k|ultzLn Kofgns} k|sfz zfx /
vu]Gb| kGt ljhoL ag]sf 5g\ . Pzf]l;P6tkm{
o'lgogsf pDd]jf/ k|bLk Gof}kfg] / k|sfz ltDl;gfn] lht]sf 5g\ .
k|]; rf}tf/Ln] tLg cGo ;+u7gx? qmflGtsf/L kqsf/
;+3, qmflGtsf/L kqsf/ dxf;+3 / k|ultlzn kqsf/ ;+3;lxt ;+o'St Kofgn agfPsf]
lyof] . :yfkgfsfnb]lvg} k|]; o'lgogn] g]t[Tj ub}{ cfPsf] dxf;+3df @# cf}+
dxflwj]zgjf6 k|]; rf}tf/Ln] g]t[Tj ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . @# cf}+ dxflwj]zg lzj
ufpFn] g]t[Tjsf] sfo{;ldltn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] eJo sfof{no ejg, dxf;+3sf] gLlh
;jf/Lnufotsf pknAwLnfO{ rf}tf/Ln] kfFr b;skl5sf] ;kmntf dfg]sf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{
lkmhL jgfpg' vf]h]sf] cf/f]k
/fli6«o hgdf]rf{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o dgf]h e§n] u}/ g]kfnLx?nfO{
g]kfnL gful/stf k|df0f kq lbP/ ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ lkmhL jgfpg vf]h]sf] cf/f]k
nufPsf 5g .
/fli6«o hgdf]rf{ 8f]6Låf/f a'wjf/ 8f]6Lsf] ;b/d'sfd l;nu9Ldf cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] gful/stf / /fli6«otf laifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf jf]Nb} s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
e§n] hGdsf] cfwf/df lkmhLdf ef/tLo gful/sx?nfO{ gflu/stf lbg nufO{Psf] / @)
jif{kl5 ef/tLo d'nsf dx]Gb| rf}w/L k|wfgdGqL ePsf] jtfP . …ef/tn] @)!( ;fnb]lv
g]kfndf $) nfvn] g]kfnL gful/stf gkfPsf] k|;+u pNn]v ub}{ cfPsf] 5Ú e§n] @)^#
;fnsf] gful/stf P]gn] s/Lj #^ nfv u}/ g]kfnLx?nfO{ hGdsf cfwf/df gful/stf
lbPsf] jtfpFb} eg] …t/ ef/tsf] $) nfv clxn] klg 36]sf] 5}g, km]/L klg ef/tn] $)
nfv} ePsf] bfjL ub}{5 .Ú k|To]s jif{ b'O{ nfv ef/tLo gful/sx? g]kfndf cfO{
j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] ;d]t e§n] bfjL u/] .
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly ;d]t /x]sf e§n] g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+lawfg @)^# sf] wf/f !%% -@_ cg';f/
hGd jf c+lus[t cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] tyf !) jif{ g]kfndf :yfoL j;f]jf;
u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;+a}wflgs kbx?df lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] k|fJwfg /x]sf] jtfP . …o;/L
u}/ g]kfnLx?nfO{ gful/stf lbFb} hfg] xf] eg] Ps lbg xfdL g]kfnLx? cNkdtdf kg]{
5f}+ / ef/tLox? oxfFsf /fi6«klt÷k|wfgdGqL x'g ;Sg]5g .Ú e§n] clxn] g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf /fli6«otf vt/fdf k/]sf] k|;+u pNn]v ug]{ eg] …/fli6«otf vt/fdf kg{sf
w]/} sf/0fx? 5g, h;dWo] k|d'v sf/0f gful/stf klg xf] .
;f] kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo a}slNks ;b:o a]0fLdfwj hf]zLsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf]
;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf jf]Nb} laleGg /fhgLlts bnsf lhNnf g]tfx?n] gful/stf P]g
@)^# cg';f/ hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf kfPsf ;Gtfgx?n] j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf
kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/fO{g' b'Mvb ePsf] jtfP . sfo{qmdsf ;xeflux?n] /fli6«otfsf
;jfndf g]kfnL g]tfx?n] ef/t;+u :ki6 ?kdf jftf{ ug{ g;s]sf] jtfP . ;xeflux?n]
o:tf uf]i7Lx? /fli6«o :t/df ;d]t ug'{ kg]{ dfu /fv] .
ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+3Lotfsf] lj/f]w
ub}{cfO{/x]sf] /fli6«o hgdf]rf{n] /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf b]zJofkL ?kdf ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx? ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ;f] kf6L{n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg
x'g'kg]{ dfu ;lxt cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . 8f]6Lsf ljleGg
uflj;x?df /fhg}lts r]tgf km}nfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]
kf6L{ ;lra s]zagfy of]uLn] atfPsf 5g\ .
Pdfn]
dxflwj]zg km]/L ;¥of]
k|ltlglw 5gf}6 b]ze/ Ps} lbg
cfGtl/s tof/L k'/f gePsf] sf/0f
b]vfpFb} g]skf Pdfn]sf] dxflwj]zg ldlt km]/L ;/]sf] 5 .
;f]daf/ kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aNv'df a;]sf]
s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7sn] dxflwj]zg c;f/ !( ut]b]lv sf7df8f}+df ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] xf] . o; cl3 kf6L{ :yfoL sld6L a}7sn] l;kmfl/; u/] cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sld6L
a}7sdf cWoIf ´ngfy vgfnn] gjf}+ dxflwj]zg c;f/ !( ut]b]lv @% ut];Dd ug]{ k|:tfj
u/]sf lyP .
@)&) kmfu'gd} x'g] elg rrf{ rn]sf] dxflwj]zg o;cl3 h]7 # ut]sf nflu
to ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ldlt h]7 @$ ut]sf nflu ;/]sf] lyof] . Pdfn]n] dxflwj]zg
;fg]{ k|:tfj a}7sdf /fv]nuTt} s]xL s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?n] dxflwj]zg ;fg{ gx'g] eGb}
cfklQ hgfPsf] jNv' >f]tn] jtfPsf] 5 . dxflwj]zg ;fg{ gx'g] kIfdf /x]sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?n] k6s k6s dxflwj]zg ;fbf{ g/fd|f] ;Gb]z hfg] eGb} tf]lsPs} ;dodf
ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf lyP .
a}7sdf s]Gb|Lo of]u]z e§/fO{n] aiff{sf] a]nf b]ze/af6 k|ltlglw cfpg
sl7g x'g] eGb} dxflwj]zg ;fg{ gx'g] atfP .
kf6L{ cWoIf vgfnn] dxflwj]zgsf nflu b:tfj]h tof/ ug{ ;do ck'u ePsfn]
dxflwj]zg ;fg'{kg]{ afWotf ePsf] atfP . a}7sn] dxflwj]zgnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ h]7 #)
ut] Ps}lbg b]ze/ k|ltlglw lgjf{rg ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] Pdfn] k|rf/ ljefu k|d'v
k|bLk 1jfnLn] hfgsf/L lbP .
Ps s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf cg';f/ clxn];Dd ^) lhNnfdf dfq lhNnf clwj]zg ePsf] 5,
afFsL lhNnfdf ljjfb 5 . dxflwj]zg tof/L nufotsf ljifodf yk 5nkmn ug{ Pdfn]n]
h]7 !! ut]b]lv !# ut];Dd km]/L s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7s af]nfPsf] 5 .
;'ksf kxf8L
lhNnfx?df :6«]r/sf] cefj
;'b'/klZrdsf kxf8L lhNnfx?df :6«]r/sf]
cefj x'Fbf clwsf+; la/fdLsf] af6f]d} Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5 .
o; If]qsf ;ftj6} kxf8L lhNnfsf k|To]s ufFp;Dd ;8s
la:tf/ x'g g;Sbf la/fdL cf];f/k;f/sf nflu e/kbf]{ ;fwg ag]sf] :6«]r/sf] cefj
x'Fbf ;d:of ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf clwsf+; :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :6"]r/
5}gg\ . :6«]r/ gePsf la/fdL jf]s]/ ;dod} c:ktfn k'¥ofpg g;Sbf aif]{gL w]/}
dflg;n] csfndf Hofg u'dfpg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] :yfgLo jf;Lx?sf] u'gf;f] 5 .
ufpFdf /x]sf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]lasfx?sf] lhDdfdf
/xg] u/L Ps÷Ps j6f :6«]r/ lbOPsf] ePklg la/fdLsf cfkmGtn] k|of]u u/]/ lkmtf{
gubf{ o:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] lhNnf c:ktfn c5fdsf k|d'v 8fS6/ /fdaxfb'/ s];Ln] atfP
. $& ufla; /x]sf] aemfªdf hDdf !% ufla;df ;8s la:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cGo #@
ufla;sf la/fdLnfO{ af]s]/} c:ktfn k'¥ofpg'kg]{ afWotf 5 . t/ tL ;a} ufla;df
:6«]r/ gx'Fbf sltko a]nf la/fdLnfO{ lk7\o'df jf]s]/ :jf:Yo ;+:yf k'¥ofpg' kg]{
afWotf /x]sf] lhNnf c:ktfn k|d'v 8fS6/ cldt zfxn] eg]] .
To:t} 88]Nw'/f, bfr'{nf / a}t8L lhNnfdf klg
:6«]r/sf] cefj sfod} 5 . /fHon] cfjZos dfqfdf pknAw u/fpg g;Sbf ufpFufFp;Dd :6«]r/ k'¥ofpg
g;lsPsf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf] egfO{ 5 . ;'b'klZrd If]qLo :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfnon] eg]
s'g} s'g} If]q afx]s ;a} 7fFpdf :6]«r/ ;]jf pknAw eO{/x]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 .
5f]6s/L ;dfrf/
;Ktfx dxfo1
;'?
kt~hnL of]u lk7 8f]6Lsf] ejg lgdf{0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] 8f]6Lsf] z}n]Zj/L dlGb/ kl/if/df cfO{tjf/b]lv >Ldb\efujft
dxfk'/f0f dxfo1 ;Ktfx ;'? ePsf] 5 .
lab'ifL ld/f dftf d'Vo jflrsf /x]sf] pQm efujt
dxfo1jf6 ;+sng x'g] rGbf, bfg lgs6 eljZodf lgdf{0f x'g yfn]sf] kt~hnL of]u
;ldltsf cWoIf /flhj >]i7n] jtfPsf 5g
.
o;}lar ;'b"/klZrds} k|l;4 wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo
:yn z}n]Zj/L dlGb/sf] d'Vo 5fgf ;'gsf] hnk ePsf] tfdfn] 5fO{g yfn]sf] 5 .
lbkfon l;nu9L–! lgjf;L eQm czf]s >]i7n] s/Lj Ps
s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}ofF j/fj/sf] nfutdf z}n]Zj/Lsf] ue{ 5fgf 5fpg yfn]sf] z}n]Zj/L
If]q lasf; ;ldltsf cWoIf gj/fh hf]zLn] jtfPsf 5g . z}n]Zj/L dlGb/ kl/if/df
jf/j/]nf -!@ ufpF_ sf JolQmx?, k'hf/L, e08f/], k|x/L pk/LIfs, :yfgLo k|zf;gsf
JolQmx?sf] /f]xj/df Ps sfo{qmd u/L wfld{s dfGotfsf cfwf/df k'hfkf7 ul/;s]kl5 5fgf
5fpg] sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] .
5fgf 5fpgsf nflu sf7df08f}+jf6 O{lGhlgo/ ;lxtsf]
rf/ ;b:oLo 6f]nL 8f]6L k'u]sf] ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 . pQm 5fgfdf s/Lj ltg lsnf]
;'g nfu]sf] z}n]Zj/L If]q lasf; ;ldltsf ;b:o tf/fgfy hf]zLn] jtfPsf 5g . o;
laifodf >]i7;+u a'em\g vf]Hbf pgn] s]xL jtfpg rfx]gg\ .
rnlrq÷dgf]/~hg
gflosf /
cfO{hLsf] nUg @)&! d}
g]kfnL rnlrq cleg]qL ldlynf zdf{ g]kfn k|x/Lsf k"j{
dxflg/LIfs df]ltnfn jf]x/f;+u lajfx ug]{ ePsL l5g .
pd]/n] %) jif{df 6]s]sL cleg]qL
zdf{n] &$ jif]{ k"j{ cfOhLkL df]ltnfn af]x/f;Fu 3/hd ug]{
tof/Ldf l5g . dfl;s klqsf g]kfn;Fu cleg]qL zdf{n] eg]sL l5g\, …xfdL )&! ;fn
leq lax] u5f}{, o;df tkfO{x? ;j}n] laZj:t eP x'G5 .Æ
cleg]qL zdf{sf @)&! ;fnleq} x'g]jfnf klt af]x/f;Fu #@ ebf} )@$ df g]kfn k|x/Lsf]
k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs -c;O{_ kbaf6 k|x/Ldf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 g}
k|x/L lg/LIfs ePotfg} glhsaf6 lrGb} cfPsf] g]kfnsf /d0f l3ld/];Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf
cleg]qL zdf{n] atfPsL l5g\ . Æk'ln; Sna
/ cGoq sfo{qmddf klg pxfF;Fu d]/f] w]/}k6s e]6 ePsf] xf] t/ klxnf]k6s sxfF e]6]
eGg] rflxF ;lD´g ;lSbFgÆ cleg]qL zdf{n] eg]sL l5g, ÆhLjgdf dnfO{ of] lg0f{o lng
olt sl7g slxNo} ePsf] lyPg .Æ
cleg]qL ldlynfsf x'g]jfnf klt &$ jif{cl3 c5fdsf] uh/f uflj;–$ df
hGd]/ ef/tdf lzIfflbIff kfPsf af]x/fsf
b'O{ 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L 5g\ . af]x/fsL kTgL snfsf] % kmfu'g )^( df d[To' ePsf]
lyof] .
Ps ;o g]kfnL lkmNd, @% eGbf a9L gf6s / !) j6f efjk"0fF{ uLlt
gf6sdf clego u/]sL cleg]qL zdf{ eg] sGof x'g\ .
k|:tfjsnfO{
gd|tfsf] …Yof+So"Æ
lajfxsf] k|:tfj /fv]kl5 cleg]qL gd|tf >]i7n] …Yof+So'Ú
eGg] hjfkm lbPsL l5g .
ægf]e]Dj/ /]gÆ cleg]qL >]i7n] Ps n]v dfkm{t pSt /x:osf] kbf{ vf]n]sL
x'g\ .
ætkfO{nfO{ aRr}b]lv dg k/fpF5' . tkfO{sf clxn];Ddsf ;a} lkmNd x]/]sf]
5' . cfO ne o', ljjfx u/f}{Æ eg]/ s]xL km\ofgn] eGg] u5{g\Æ, cleg]qL gd|tfn]
cfkm\gf k|z+;ssf af/]df n]v]sL l5g\, Æo:tf k|:tfjnfO{ ÆYofªs o"Æ eGg]
hjfkm lbG5' .Æ k|z+;ssf] k|]d k|:tfj cfpg Eofn]g6fOg 8] kv{g' gkg]{ gd|tfn]
atfPsL l5g\ . pgn] eg]sL l5g\, ædnfO{ h'g;'s} ;dodf k|]d k|:tfj cfO/x]s} x'G5
.Æ
k|]d k|:tfj /fVg]b]lv cfkm\gf] lkmNdsf] k"/} syf ;'gfpg];Dd
cfkm\gf] k|z+;s /x]sf] gd|tfn] atfPsL l5g\ . gd|tfn] eg]sL l5g\, æcfkm\gf]
lkmNdsf] e"ldsf cfkm}+n] lal;{;s]sf] x'G5 t/ km\ofgnfO{ ;a} yfxf x'G5 .
d]/f] gofF lkmNd k|bz{g x'g] ;dodf k|j4{gdf ;fy lbG5g\ .Æ s'g} k|z+;sn] lkmNd
x]/]/ clegosf] klg ;Nnfx lbg] u/]sf] gd|tfn] atfPsL l5g\ .
ul/df /
;'ldgf lthdf d:t
cleg]qLåo ul/df kGt / ;'ldgf l3ld/]nfO{ j}zfvd} tLh nfu]sf]
5 .
tLh gcfpFb} oL b'O{ cleg]qL tLh uLtdf gfFRgdf Jo:t 5g . cgfdgu/l:yt
g'tg :6'l8of] lbge/ h;f] tLhdo aGof] . tLhsf] uLt alh/x\of], ul/df / ;'ldgf
gflr/x] .
lkmNd …/ª j}hgLÚ sf nflu ul/df / ;'ldgfn] sDd/ dsf{Psf lyP . g[To
lgb]{zs a;Gt >]i7n] pSt lkmNdsf] tLh uLtdf lgb]{zg u/] . lkmNddf % uLt
;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . ut ;ftf 5fofFsg ;'? ePsf] …/ª j}hgLÚ sf] Ps dlxgf;Dd 5fofFsg
rNg]5 . sf7df08f+} leqs} :yndf …/ª j}hgLÚ nfO{ lvlrg]5 .
nfdf] ;do kl5 …/ª j}hgLÚ dfkm{t zDe" k|wfg lkmNd lgb]{zgdf
kmlsP{sf 5g\ . zDe"s} 5f]/f zzf+s k|wfg …/ª j}hgLÚ dfkm{t Sofd]/f k;{gsf]
?kdf /htk6df 8]Jo' ub}{5g\ . o;} lkmNdaf6 lkmNdaf6 alnp8 lkmNd lvRg] ljgf]b
k|wfgsf 5f]/f lbk k|wfgn] klg ;+uLtsf/sf] ?kdf 8]Jo' ub}{5g\ .
kfl/jfl/s k|]dsyfsf] …/ª j}hgLÚ df ul/df / ;'ldgf;"u} df]8n lbSkfn
sfsL{sf] k|d'v clego /x]sf] 5 . lbSkfn o;} lkmNdaf6 lx/f]sf] ?kdf 8]Jo' ub}{5g\
.
v]n tyf
ko{6g ;dfrf/
:j0f{ lhTg]
lji6 ;Ddflgt
;'b"/klZrdsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ /fli6«o v]ndf
;'b'/klZrdsf nfuL :j0f{ lbnfpg] 8f]6Lsf v]nf8L g/]z jf]u6L ;Ddflgt ePsf 5g\ .
/fli6«klt /lgË l;N8sf nfuL 8f]6L lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ If]qLo v]ndf
k'u]sf jf]u6Ln] s';ntfsf ;fy cfkm\gf] v]n k|:t't ub}{ %@ s]hL tf}n ;d'xdf ePsf]
/fli6«o s/fFt] k|ltof]uLtfdf k|yd :yfg xfl;n ub}{ ;'b"/klZrdnfO{ g} :j0f{
lbnfO{ rrf{sf kfq jg]sf jf]u6LnfO{ u[x lhNnf 8f]6L k'u]kl5 Ps sfo{qmdsf ljr
g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L o'lgog 8f]6Ln] gub
ltg xhf/ ?k}ofF / bf];Nnf cf]8fO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] .
dWodf~rn, k'jf{~rn ljsf; If]qnfO{ k5f8L kfg'{sf ;fy} cGtLd v]ndf
;'b"/klZrds} vnf8LnfO{ x/fPkl5 pgn] ;'b"/klZrdsf nfuL :j0f{ kSsf
u/]sf lyP .
v]n d}bfg / k|lzIfssf] cefjdf /x]sf 8f]6]nL
v]nf8Lx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ sf7df08f}+ k'uL cfkm\gf] k|ltefn] ;a}nfO{ 5Ss kfg]{
jf]u6L h:tf 8f]6Ldf w]/} v]n k|ltefx? n's]sf / ltgLx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{lt/ ;a}n]
Wofg lbP lhNnfsf]g} klxrfg x'g] v]ns'b ljsf; ;ldlt 8f]6Lsf sfof{no k|d'v ls/0f
>]i7n] laDa;Fu s'/f ub}{ jtfP .
P;L;Ldf
g]kfnsf] :yfg kSsf
dn]l;ofdf hf/L P;L;L lk|ldo/ lnu lqms]6df ;f]daf/ ePsf]
v]ndf xªsª lj?b\w g]kfn & ljs]6n] ljhoL ePsf] 5 . pQm lht;Fu} g]kfnn]
l8;]Da/df x'g] b'O{ lbj;Lo P;L;L RofDlkogl;kdf :yfg kSsf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cfh ckmufgL:tfg ;Fu v]Ng]5 . ^ 6f]nL ;xefuL k|ltof]lutfsf]
lzif{ rf/ 6f]nLn] RoflDkogl;k v]Ng kfpg]
5g\ . xªsªn] lbPsf] !*@ /gsf] nIo g]kfnn] #$ bzdnj ! cf]e/d} k"/f
u¥of] . afof]df; d}bfgdf 6; lht]sf] g]kfnn] lkmN8 /f]h]/ xªsªnfO{ ;:t}df
;d]6\of] .
@& bzdnj $ cf]e/ v]Nb} ubf{ kfgL k/]kl5 ´08} 8]9306f v]n cj?4 ePsf]
lyof] . To;kl5 8s{js{ n]lj; lgod cg';f/ v]ndf !@ cf]e/ 5f]6\ofOPsf] lyof] .
5f]6\ofOPkl5 g]kfnsf nflu ljho nIo !$$ /g lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
;'?jftL v]ndf hDg g;s]sf] cf]kg/ g/]z a'9fP/n] cfhsf] v]ndf *^ an v]n]/
$! /g agfP . pgn] ^ rf}sfsf] d2tn] /g a6'n]sf x'g\ . sKtfg kf/; v8\sfsf] vftfdf
cljlht $# /g /x\of] . kf/;n] %@ an v]n]/
^ rf}sf;lxt 6f]nLsf nflu ;jf{lws /g of]ubfg u/]sf x'g\ . pgL;Fu} ;f´]bf/L u/]sf
z/b e]ifjfs/n] cljlht !( /g agfP . 6f]nLsf nflu ;'af;
vs'/]nn] !^, 1fg]Gb| dNnn] !% /gsf] of]ubfg u/] .
Aofl6ªsf] lgDtf] kfPsf] xªsªn] $! bzdnj % cf]e/
v]Nb} ;a} ljs]6sf] If]ltdf ! ;o *! /gsf] of]ukmn to u/]sf] lyof] . xªsªsf nflu
O/kmfg cxdbn] ! ;o !% andf # 5Ssf / !) rf}sf;lxt ;jf{lws ! ;o ^ /gsf] of]ubfg
lbP eg] lghfst vfgn] @ 5Ssf ;lxt !&, jfs;tn] !^, nfD;fªn] !* / sKtfg
Pl6S;gn] !! /g agfP .
g]kfnsf nflu ;f]dkfn sfdLn] #$ /g vlr{P/ ;jf{lws
$, a;Gt /]UdLn] # / c/Lkm z}vn] @ ljs]6 lnP/ lhtsf nflu kfPsf] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u
u/] .
o;}aLr ;f]daf/} lsg/f/f cf]endf ePsf] v]ndf
o'PO{n] dn]l;ofnfO{ ^ ljs]6n] k/flht u/]sf] 5 . o;;Fu} 3/]n' 6Ld dn]l;of pkflwsf] cj;/af6
aflxl/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;]nfªu/ 6km{ Snasf] d}bfgdf ePsf] v]ndf cf]dfglj?4 ckmuflg:tfg
% ljs]6n] ljhoL ePsf] 5 .
df]km;n kqsfl/tf
/fhwfgL /
df]km;n eGg] b[li6g} x'g' x'Fb}g
/gL laj;
-;Djfbbftf_
sdf08/
kf]i6 b}lgs, dx]Gb|gu/
tkfO+{sf] k'/f kl/ro kfpF g <
—d]/f] gfd /lg ljjz xf] . a}t8Ldf hlGdPsf], d}n]
@)^) b]lv dx]Gb|gu/df a;]/ kqsfl/tf ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . xfn d k'n];f] 86 sd /
sdf08/ kf]i6 b}lgssf nflu sfd u5'{ .
tkfO{n] lsg kqsfl/tf k]zf /f]Hg' eof] <
— kqsf/ aGg] ;f]v ;fg}b]lvsf] xf] . ;fgf] 5Fbf
lala;L / /]l8of] g]kfnsf ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf To;} aGg kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfUYof] . sIff
* k9\bf d}n] 3/af6 6f9f kg]{ a}t8L ;b/d'sfdaf6 k|sflzt UjfNn]s ;Gb]z a'n]l6g
dufP/ k9\g] uy]{ . u/Lasf ;d:of p7fpg], ltgnfO{ dflyNnf lgsfo;Dd k'¥ofpg]
OR5fsf sf/0f kqsfl/tfdf nfu]/ oxfF;Dd k'luPsf] 5 .
slt ;do eof] o;
k]zfdf nfu]sf] <
—d}n] @)%( sf] cGTolt/
cWoogsf qmddf kqsfl/tfdf ;'? u/]sf lyPF .
s:tf] vfnsf]
kqsfl/tf ug{ ?rfpg' x'G5 <
—df]km;n kqsfl/tfdf la6
eGg] x'Fb}g . ;a} ljifosf ;dfrf/ n]Vg' k5{ . d}n] klg nueu ;a} ljifosf ;dfrf/
n]v]sf] 5' . v]nx?Dff lqms]6 / l;g]df ;DalGwsf ;dfrf/ eg] Psfw afx]s n]v]sf]
5}g . d}nfO{ oL b'O{6}sf ;dfrf/ n]Vg] lgs} cK7]/f] x'G5 .
Ps kqsf/ eP/ cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofx? s] s] b]Vg' ePsf] 5
<
—of] ;d:of / r'gf}tL /lxt x'g ;Sb}g . ;+;f/df
;a}eGbf sl7g ldx]gt ug]{sf] eGbf a9L ldx]gtn] ug]{ dfq} kqsfl/tfdf l6Sg ;S5g\ .
csf]{ s'/f kqsfl/tfdf Pp6f y]uf] 5, eft lr;f], >Ldlt tftf] . o;af6 klg ;d:of
/ r'gf}lts emlNsG5 . csf]{ s'/f cfly{s ?kdf klg ufx|f] g} x'G5 . t/ ;'?df
/fd|/L ldx]gt ug{ ;lsof] eg] kl5 ;d:of eg] cfkm}+ xn x'Fb} hfG5g\ .
s~rgk'/df j;]/ sfd ub}{ x'g'x'G5, s:tf] 5 lg <
—s~rgk'/ kqsfl/tfsf lx;fan] ;'b"/klZrd
If]qsf] pj{/ e"ld xf] . kxf8sf t'ngfdf t/fO{ cfly{s ?kdf cufl8g} 5 .
t/fO{sf lhNnfn] g} ;'b"/sf] kqsfl/tfnfO{ g]t[Tj lbPsf 5g\ . s~rgk'/sf]
kqsfl/tf O{ltxf; ;+3if{k"0f{ ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . rf/ bzsb]lv km:6fPsf]
kqsfl/tf ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds b'a} ?kdf lgs} km8\sf] dfg{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
Oltxf; af]s]sf] of] e"lddf a;]/ cfjfh ljxLgx?sf cfjfhx?nfO{ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6
;fj{hlgs ug{ kfPsf]df ;Gt'i6 5' .
tkfO{ /fhwfgLaf6 k|sfzg x'g] klqsf sdf08/ kf]i6
nufotdf sfd ub}{ x'g'xG5, s:tf] dx;'z ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
—d}n] :yfgLo klqsfdf n] d]g, l/kf]6{/ x'Fb}
sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbssf] lhDd]jfx/L jxg u/]sf] 5' . dnfO{ l/kf]l6{Ë cf}wL dg k5{ .
To;}n] ;Dkfbg kmfF6 x'Fbf klg d l/kf]l6{Ë 5fl8\bg . cu|h bfO{ / ;fyLx?n] k6s
k6s sf7df8f}+sf klqsfdf klg sfd ug{ cfu|x ubf{ To;nfO{ jf:tf ul/Pg . dnfO{
sdf08/df ut jif{b]lv sfd u/]sf] x'F . sltko ;dfrf/df ;Dkfbg ul/Psf 5flkFbf w]/}
l;Sg] klg df}sf kfPsf] 5' . /fd|f] eg' jf g/fd|f] s] eg'F b'a} ldl8ofn] dnfO{
;dfrf/sf ljifodf /fd|f] /];kf]G; u/]sf 5g\ .
/fhwfgLaf6 k|sfzg x'g] klqsfn] ;'b"/klZrdnfO{
x]g]{ b[i6 s:tf] kfpg' eof] <
—kqsfl/tfdf of] af/Daf/ cfpg] ;jfn xf] .
kqsfl/tfdf /fhwfgL / df]km;n eGg] b[li6g} x'g' x'Fb}g eGg]df ljZjf; u5'{ . h;n]
hxfF a;]/ kqsfl/tf u/]klg sfd cfjfh ljxLgsf cfjfh aflx/ Nofpg] g} xf] . ;DkfbsLo
gLlt cg';f/ s'g}df /fhwfgL / df]km;n eg]/ lje]b klg xf] . d}n] sfd ug]{ klqsfn]
;dfrf/sf ;jfndf To:tf] u/]sf] b]v]s]f 5}g .
df]km;n kqsfl/tfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/n] s ug'{ knf{ <
—;/sf/n] cfjZos gLlt lgod lnP/ g} df]km;n ldl8of
Jojl:yt ug'{ k5{ . t/ df]km; km:6fpg] gfddf ;~rfng x'g] klqsf / kqsf/ klxrfg
u/L dfq} ;xof]uL sfo{qmd Nofpg k5{ . gq ldl8of ;'wf/ ug]{ ;/sf/L sfo{qmd klg
klqsfsf gfd ehfP/ vfg]sf xftdf k'u] eg] afn'jfdf kfgL xfn] ;/x g} xG5 . ldl8of
se/]h, ljifo j:t', ;DkfbsLo / Joj:yfksL hgzlQm ;a}sf] b'?:t / ;SsnL ljj/0fsf
cfwf/df To:tf sfo{qmd agfpg k5{ . lj1fkg gLltdf klg Ps ?ktf Nofpg]lt/
;f]lrg'k5{ .
df]km;ndf sfo{/t kqsf/x?sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] e'ldsf s:tf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
—kqsf/ dxf;+3g} kqsfl/tf If]qsf] nflu ;a}eGbf
7"nf] lgsfo xf] . o;sf] e"ldsf ;a} 7fpFdf 5 . kqsfl/tf If]qdf cfpg
rfxg] o'jf k':tfb]lv kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf / a'9\of}nLdf k'u]sf ;a}sf ;d:of, xs
clwsf/ ;dfwfg ug{ dxf;+3 afx]s c?n] ;Sb}g . df]km;n If]qsf kqsfl/tfsf ;d:ofsf
nflu dxf;+3n] 5'§} OsfO{ u7g u/L sfo{qmd rnfpg ;S5 .
df]km;nsf ;~rf/dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] xs lxtsf
nflu kqsf/x?sf a}rfl/s ;+u7gx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
—tL ;+u7gx?sf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . kqsf/dfly x'g] cfqmd0f, s'6lk6 nufot ef}lts ;'/Iffsf ;jfn oL
;+u7gx?n] af/Daf/ cfjfh p7fPsf 5g\ . s'/f s] xf] ;+u7gx?n] p7fPsf] slt dfu
k"/f eP ePg xf]nf . dfp kf6L{l;t cfa4 x'g] x'gfn] slxn]sfFxL kqsf/ ;fyLx?aLr
/fhgLlts ul/Psf] h'xf/L klg rN5 . t/ ;+u7gdf nfu]/ kf6L{ kqsl/tf afx]s c? ug'{
g} x'Fb}g eGg] xf]Og .
;Gb]z÷la1fkgx?
jN8{
lehg cGt/fli6«o g]kfn 8f]6L, ;dfg kx'Fr lasf; s]Gb| -l;8_ g]kfn, lhNnf jfn
sNof0f ;ldlt / laDa g]kfnL ;fKtflxsåf/f hf/L
afn ;+/If0f ;Gb]z
afn>d
s_ afn>d s] xf] <
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhs jf cfly{s nfesf nflu >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg'
afn>d xf] . g]kfndf sfg'gn] afnaflnsfsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df :jLsfo{ / c:jLsfo{
sfdx¿ tf]s]sf] 5 . cyf{t\, !$ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf nufpg
kfOG5 t/ vf;vf; If]qsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] x'gsf nflu !^ jif{ / !* jif{ pd]/
k"/f u/]sf] x''g' kb{5 .
sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg'nfO{
>dzf]if0f elgG5 . of] ck/fw xf] . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfn]
pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, g}lts tyf ;dflhs ljsf;df gsf/fTds
k|efj kg]{ u/L tyf pgLx¿sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] u/L ul/g] sfd
afn>d xf] . To;f] t afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{
u/L pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, ;Lkx¿ l;Sg, l;sfpgsf nflu tyf afnclwsf/sf]
;+/If0f x'g] u/L cfˆg} 3/df jf ljBfnodf jf ;dfhdf ul/g] sfd afn>d xf]Og .
o:tf sfdx¿n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf clwsf/x¿dfly x:tIf]k ub}{gg\ .
v_ g]kfndf afn>ldssf] l:yltM
ljZjsf clwsf+z cNkljsl;t b]zx¿df h:t} g]kfndf klg
afn>d zf]if0f Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn pRr afn>d /x]sf
d'n'sx¿dWo] Ps xf] . s]Gb|Lo tYofË ljefusf] /fli6«o >dzlQm ;j]{If0f (National Labour Force Survey (NLFS/CBS) @))* sf] cg'dfg cg';f/
% jif{b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf hDdf ^@ nfv @( xhf/ afnaflnsfdWo] @! nfv !!
xhf/ -##=( k|ltzt_ afnaflnsf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
pQm ;j]{If0f cg';f/ n}lËs cfwf/df #)=@ k|ltzt afns tyf #&=* k|ltzt aflnsf /
ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df ;x/L If]qdf !$=$ k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf #^=&
k|ltzt afnaflnsf >ddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . o:t} pd]/ut cfwf/df % b]lv
( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf # nfv (* xhf/ afnaflnsf -!#=$ k|ltzt_ / !) b]lv !$
pd]/;d"xsf !& nfv !# xhf/ afnaflnsf -%@=& k|ltzt_ ;lqmo /x]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ >dzlQm ;xeflutf b/ % jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] !=^
k|ltzt / !$ jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] ^#=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
cfOPncf] csf]{ cg'dfg cg';f/ @^ nfv afn>ldsdWo]
! nfv @& xhf/ afnafaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ .
s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltn] !( lhNnfaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] afnclwsf/ ;"rsfÍ
kmf/fdsf cfwf/df tof/ u/]sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ tL lhNnfx¿df (,#@# hgf afnaflnsf
afn>ldssf ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . cfOPncf]÷cfOk]sn] b|"t d"Nofª\sg
k4ltaf6 ul/Psf] cWoog cg';f/ g]kfndf & k|sf/sf afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf
afn>d egL klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 h;cg';f/ afnel/of, ;8s afnaflnsf, afnaflnsfsf]
a]rlavg, afnaFw'jf afn>d, 3/]n' afn>lds, O§f sf/vgfdf sfd ug]{
afn>lds, sf]Onf tyf cGo vfgLdf sfddf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf kb{5g\ .
lhNnf
:jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6L, o'gfO{6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn 8f]6L Sni6/, ;dfg' kx'Fr lasf;
s]Gb| l;8 g]kfn / laDa g]kfnL ;fKtflxs 8f]6Låf/f hglxtsf nflu hf/L æ:jf:Yo
;Gb]zÆ
s] xf]
PrcfO{eL÷P8\; <
kl/ro M
P8\;nfO{ …cSjfo8{
O{Do'gf] 8]lkml;PG;L l;G8«d -Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome_
elgG5 . of] /]6«f]efO{/n -Retrovirus_ ;d"xsf] x\o'dg
O{Do'gf] 8]lkml;PG;L efO{/; -Human Immuno Deficiency Virus-HIV_
n] ubf{ x'g] z/L/df laleGg /f]usf lrGx tyf nIf0fx? dfq} /x]sf] zf/Ll/s
cj:yf xf] . PrcfO{eLn] z/L/df ;+qmd0f
u/]kl5 dfq P8\; b]vf kb{5 . PrcfO{eLn] dfgj z/L/df ;+qmd0fla?4 n8\g] k|lt/Iff
k|0ffnLsf] 6L= lnDkmf];fO{6 -T.Lymphocyte_ nfO{ c;/ u/L To;sf]
sfo{Ifdtfdf sdL NofO{lbG5 h;n] ubf{ z/L/df ;+qmd0f ePsf] v08df k|lt/Iff ug]{
Ifdtfdf x«f; cfpF5 . To;kl5 z/L/df laleGg /f]un] cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} ;fwf/0f
;+qmd0f x'Fbf v]/L klg To;n] pu| ?k lng ;S5 .
xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf of] /f]u ;j{k|yd !(** -@)$%
;fn_ df rf/ hgf JolQmx?df b]vf k¥of] t/ Toltj]nf laZjsf cGo d'n'sx?df Jofks
?kdf km}lnO{;s]sf] lyof] . P8\;sf] k|sf]knfO{ Jofkstflt/ hfg glbgsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/n] laZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] ;xof]uf ;g !(** df …P8\; tyf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f
cfof]hgfÚ gfds sfof{no :yfkgf u¥of] / pQm sfof{nonfO{ @)%! ;fndf gfd kl/jt{g u/L
…/fli6«o P8\; tyf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|Ú df ?kfGt/0f u¥of] .
sf/0f -Causes_
/]6«f]efO{/; -Retrovirus_
;d"xsf] RNA efO{/; xf] . pQm efO{/;nfO{ ;g !(*^ df
cfO{=l;=l6=le= -International Committee Of Taxonomy of Virus_
n] PrcfO{eL -HIV_ gfd /fVof] .
;+qmd0fsfn -Incubation_
;fwf/0ftof of] /f]usf] ;+qmd0fsfn s]xL dlxgfb]lv
b'O{ aif{;Ddsf] dflgP klg ao:sx?df 5 dlxgf b]lv !) jif{ jf Tof] eGbf a9L x'g
klg ;S5 .
PrcfO{eL ;g]{ tl/sf -Mode of
Transmission_
of}g ;Dks{ -Sexual Transmission_ jf6
/utjf6 -Blood Transfusion_ sf dfWodjf6
/f]uLn] k|of]u u/]sf ;'O{ -Injected Needle and Syringe_ jf6
ue{jtL cfdf -Pregnant Mothers_ jf6
PrcfO{eLsf] a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"xx? -High Risk Groups of HIV_
¨
of}gsdL{
dlxnfx?
¨
of}gsdL{
dlxnfsf u|xfsx?
¨
sfdsf]
vf]hLdf lab]z hfg] JolQmx?
¨
;dlnËL
of}gsdL{x?
¨
nfu'kbfy{sf
b'Jo{;gLx?
s'g}
JolQmdf PrcfO{eLsf] k|j]z kZrft pQm AolQmsf] z/L/n] laz]if u/]/ tLgj6f cj:yf
kf/ ub{5 .
!= tLj| ;+qmd0f cj:yf -Acute infection stage_
o; cj:yfnfO{ PrcfO{eLsf] ;+qmd0fsf] ;'?jft jf
z/L/df PrcfO{eL kl;;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . pQm cj:yfdf JolQm :j:yg} b]lvG5
eg] pQm JolQmsf] /Qm k/LIf0fdf klg s]xL e]l6b}g t/ JolQmn] cGo JolQmdf PrcfO{eL
;fg{ ;S5 . o; cj:yfnfO{ lrlsT;f If]qdf ;'if'Kt cj:yf -Window Period_ eGb5g\ . of] cj:yf ;fwf/0ftof ^ b]lv !@
xKtf;Ddsf] x'G5 . pQm cj:yfdf ;+qmldt JolQmjf6 PrcfO{eL ;g]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5
lsgeg] JolQmn] cfkm'df PrcfO{eL 5}g elg b[9 laZjf; lnP/ a;]sf] x'G5 t/ pQm
JolQmsf] z/L/df PrcfO{eL lbgk|ltlbg u'0ffTds ?kdf a9]sf] x'G5 .
@= nIf0flalxg cj:yf -Asymptomatic Stage_
of] cj:yfdf /ut k/LIf0fjf6 PrcfOeL b]lvG5 t/ P8\;sf nIf0fx? eg] b]vf
kb}{gg\ . pQm cj:yfdf JolQm :j:yg} b]lvP klg p;n] PrcfO{eL c?nfO{ ;fg]{ ub{5 .
of] cj:yfnfO{ PrcfO{eL kf]lhl6e cj:yf -HIV
Positive Stage_
eGg] ul/G5 .
#= nIf0fo'Qm cj:yf -Symptomatic Stage_
o;
cj:yfnfO{ P8\; l/n]6]8 sDKn]S; -AIDs
related Complex_ eGg] ul/G5 . pQm cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 /f]uL JolQmdf laleGg lsl;dsf /f]usf
nIf0f tyf lrGxx? b]lvG5g . /f]uL JolQm sdhf]/ tyf l;lyn x'G5 . To;kl5 dfq pQm
JolQmnfO{ P8\; nfu]sf] /x]5 elgG5 .
nIf0fx? -Symtoms_
P8\;sf
nIf0fx?nfO{ k|d'v -Major_ tyf ;fdfGo -Minor_ u/L b'O{ efudf /fvL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|d'v nIf0fx? -Major Symptoms_
¨
Ps dlxgfdf
b; k|lt;t z/L/sf] tf}n 36\g' .
¨
Ps
dlxgfeGbf j9L ;do;Dd emf8fkvfnf nflu/xg'
¨
z/L/df a9L
dfqfdf kl;gf cfO{/xg'
¨
Ps
dlxgfeGbf j9L ;do;Dd Ho/f] cfO{/xg' .
;fdfGo nIf0fx? -Minor Symtoms_
¨
Ps dlxgf
eGbf a9L ;do;Dd vf]sL nfUg'
¨
z/L/sf
u|GyLx? ;'lGgP/ cfpg'
¨
z/L/e/L
lrnfpg] rd{/f]u x'g'
¨
hg} vl6/f
bf]xf]l/P/ cfO{/xg'
¨
k6s–k6s
lgdf]lgof x'g'
¨
d'v tyf
3fF6Ldf vl6/f cfpg'
;+qmldtx?n] ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgL
¨
;+qmldtn]
slxNo} klg /utbfg ug'{ x'Fb}g
¨
;+qmldtn]
slxNo} klg c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ ug'{ x'Fb}g
¨
z/L/sf]
s'g} klg c+u bfg ug'{ x'Fb}g
¨
s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] pkrf/ u/fpFbf lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{x?nfO{ cfkm' ;+qmldt ePsf] s'/f
lgM;+sf]r eGg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ lrlsT;sx?nfO{ pkrf/ ug{ ;xh x'G5 . lrlsT;s tyf
:yf:YosdL{x?n] tkfO{ ;+qmldt ePsf] s'/f uf]Ko /fVg]5g .
¨
;+qmldtx?nfO{
Ifo/f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g] ePsf sf/0f ;do–;dodf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .
/f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f -Prevention and Control_
tn pNn]lvt pkfox? ckgfP/ PrcfO{eL÷P8\;sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
M
¨ of}g
Joj;fodf nfu]sf dlxnfx?, ckl/lrt dlxnf–k'?if tyf w]/} hgf;+u of}g ;Dks{ g/fVg]
¨ ;'/lIft
/utsf] dfq k|of]u ug]{
¨ PrcfO{eLsf]
;+qmd0fsf] ePsf dlxnfx?n] ue{wf/0f gug]{
¨ lgd{nLs/0f
ul/Psf ;'O{, l;l/Gh tyf cf}hf/ dfq k|of]u ug]{
¨ cfly{s
k|nf]eg tyf jflx/L cfsif{0fsf nflu of}g sfo{df ;+nUg gx'g]
¨ nfu'
cf}ifwsf] b'Jo{;g ug]{x?nfO{ laleGg ;fdflhs tyf ;/sf/L ;+3;+u7gsf] ;lqmotfdf
lg?T;flxt ug]{
¨ pRr
hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"xx?nfO{ klxn]g} cfjZos k/fdz{ tyf :jf:Yo lzIff lbg]
¨ lszf]/fj:yfsf
o'jfo'jtLx?nfO{ ;dod} of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] jf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg]
¨ of}g
;Dks{ ug]{ k/]df /fd|f];+u s08dsf] k|of]u ug]{
¨ s'g}
klg of}g /f]u nfu]sf JolQmnfO{ PrcfO{eL ;g]{ vt/f j9L x'g] ePsf sf/0f of}g /f]u
lgoGq0fsf jf/]df laz]if Wofg lbg] .
¨ PrcfO{eL÷P8\;
jf/] cfkm'n] yfx kfPsf s'/fx? ;fyLefO{x?, kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox?, l5d]sL / ;d'bfodf
lgw{Ss ;fy eGg]
¨ ;/sf/n]
o'jfo'jltx?nfO{ laz]if /f]huf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ h;n] ubf{ j]/f]huf/ eP/ of}g
sfo{df nfUg] / nfu' kbfu{ b'Jo{;gsf] sntdf nfUg]sf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfpg ;S5 .
dfgl;s
:jf:Yo / dgf];fdflhs ;jfndf n]vfhf]vf
k[i7e"ld
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo / dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf]
n]vfhf]vfn] lgDg s'/fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5
s_
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] a'emfO,
v_
dfgl;s :jf:Yo / dgf];fdflhs ;':jf:Yosf] Ifdtf / To;sf] vt/fsf] ljZn]if0f,
u_
s'g} ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og / To;sf pko'Qm ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ / olb
;xof]u ug'{ k/]df To;sf] k|s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
of] n]vfhf]vfn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf] cg'ej, pgLx¿n]
b]vfpg] k|ltlqmof / o;n] pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo÷dgf];fdflhs ;':jf:YonfO{ kfg{]
k|efjsf] b:tfj]hnfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . o;n] JolQmx¿, ;d'bfo / ;+:yfn] cfktsfnLg
cj:yfdf s;/L ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f klg ;d]6\g' kb{5 . o;n] ;|f]t ;fy}
cfjZostfx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{kb{5 . ;|f]tdf JolQmut ;fdgf÷hLjgpkof]uL ;Lk,
;fdflhs ;xof]u ;+oGq, ;d'bflos sfo{ tyf ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{
;d]6\b5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo tyf dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf] cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{
k|efljt hg;ª\VofnfO{ s;/L /rgfTds
tl/sfn] ;xof]u ug]{ eGg] a'emfOsf]
cfjZostf 5 . Pp6f ;'b[9 sfo{qmdsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf tYofª\s ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f
ug'{kb{5 h;sf nflu k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ljz]if u/]/ k|efljt ;d'bfo;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
d'Vo sfo{x¿
!_ n]vfhf]vf ;dGjo ul/Psf] 5 eGg] lglZrt ug]{
n]vfhf]vf
ug]{ cGo ;:+yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug'{xf];\ h;n] dgf];fdflhs÷dfgl;s :jf:Yosf d'2fx¿sf]
n]vfhf]vf u/]sf 5g\ . ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ;'lglZrt ug{, dfgl;s :jf:Yo tyf
dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf af/]df clt pko'St / lj:t[t a'emfO k|fKt ug{ tyf n]vfhf]vf
bf]xf]l/P/ k|efljt hg;ª\VofnfO{ x'g] cgfjZos emGem6 x6fpgsf nflu ;dGjo x'g
cfjZos 5 .
¨
;j{k|yd t
;+:yfx¿n] s:tf n]vfhf]vf ePsf 5g\ eGg] lglZrt ub}{ k|fKt ;"rgfsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kb{5 -h:t}M k'g/fjnf]sg ;~rfng ug]{, cGo ;+:yfx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{
lng], /fHodf ePsf ;"rgfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ h:t}M hghflt;DaGwL cg';Gwfg
n]v tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf
tYofª\s_ . olb cfjZos ePdf dfq :ynut n]vfhf]vfsf] tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
¨
;+:yfn] s'g
vfnsf n]vfhf]vf sxfF / s;/L e}/x]sf 5g\ / rflxPsf] v08df olb cfjZos k/]df
n]vfhf]vfn] lbPsf s'/fx¿ Nffu" ug{
tyf To;nfO{ c¿;Fu afF8\g tof/ /xg' kb{5 .
¨
k|foM h;f]
;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf ljleGg ;d"xx¿ -;/sf/L ljefux¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo
;+:yfx¿ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ cflb_ n] ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df dfgl;s :jf:Yo tyf
dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf ljleGg kIfsf
;"rgf ;ª\sng u5{g\ . ;dGjo ;d"xn] s'g ;+:yfn] sxfF, s:tf]
vfnsf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ klxrfg ug{ d2t ug'{kb{5 / ;Dej eP;Dd tflnsfdf ePsf
;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ Kf|efljt If]qdf pknAw u/fOPsf] lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . o;n]
;+:yfx¿nfO{ Pp6f pko'Qm / ;dGjofTds 9ª\uaf6 n]vfhf]vf ug{ d2t ug{' kb{5 -h:t}M
d'Vo ;+oGqx¿nfO{ :t/Ls/0f u/]/_ . of] n]vfhf]vfsf] ;"rgfsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ldnfg / ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;+nUg ePsf ljleGg ;:+yfx¿ dfem ljt/0f x'g'kb{5 .
¨
;fdflhs
¿kdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifox¿ nufot ljleGg If]qx¿ ;fd'bflos ;]jf;lxt
;+/If0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfjf;, vfB tyf kfgL / ;/;kmfOnfO{ klg n]vfhf]vfdf
;d]6\g' kb{5 .
@= dfgl;s :jf:Yo / dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u;Fu ;DalGwt
d'Vo ;"rgf Pslqt / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
¨
;Dej eP;Dd
n]vfhf]vf ubf{ pd]/, lnª\u / 7fpF lje]b gu/Lsg ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] ;d'bfodf cfktdf /x]sf
;d"xsf] klxrfg / ltgLx¿sf lglZrt cfjZostfx¿÷Ifdtfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 .
¨
ljleGg
cfjZostfx¿ / ;|f]tx¿ b'a}n] ljleGg vfnsf k|efljtx¿ Hf;n] /fd|f];Fu sfd ul//x]sf
5g\ / hf] uDeL/ dfgl;s /f]usf sf/0f sfd ul//x]sf 5}gg\, ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug'{kb{5 .
#= hftLo / pko'Qm ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfaf6 n]vfhf]vf ;~rfng ug]{
¨
;xeflutfTds
n]vfhf]vf ;Dej eP;Dd ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfo / wfld{s
;ª\u7gx¿ ;fy} k|efljt hg;ª\Vof nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutfTds
k|lqmof cg';f/ x'g' kb{5 . ;xeflutfd"ns n]vfhf]vf k|efljt hg;ª\Vof;Fusf]
s'/fsfgLsf] klxnf] r/0f xf] . of] /fd|f];‘u ul/of] eg] o;n] ;"rgf pknAw
dfq u/fpFb}g, dflg;x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs
¿kdf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg, ;|f]t;fwgx¿ / ;DefJo ;dfwfgx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf]
cj:yf lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . sfdsf] ;'emfj / kl/0ffdsf af/]df ;xeflux¿af6
k[i7kf]if0f vf]lhg' kb{5 . ;':jf:Yo / kL8f kl/eflift ubf{ k|efljt dflg;x¿ klg
;xefuL x'g'kb{5 .
¨
;dfj]zLs/0f
n]vfhf]vfdf afnaflnsf, o'jf, dlxnf, k'¿if, j[4x¿ / ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt /
;fdflhs cfly{s ;d"xx¿ nufotsf k|efljt ljleGg If]q÷:t/sf dflg;x¿ ;xefuL
x'g'kb{5 . o;df lje]bsf 9fFrfnfO{ a9jf glbg / ;Rofpg ;fd'bflos cu'jfx¿, lzIfsx¿
/ :jf:Yo tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x¿ ;xefuL u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
¨
ljZn]if0f
;"rgf ;ª\sng / l/kf]l6{ª eGbf klg n]vfhf]vf k|fyldstf kQf nufpg] u/L
cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
åGåk|lt Wofg åGåsf] cj:yfdf sfd ubf{ n]vfhf]vf ug]{x¿n] åGådf
;+nUg kIf / ltgLx¿sf] ultzLntfk|lt ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . kIfkft ljxLgtf / :jtGq
/flv/fVg WofglbOg' kb{5 tfls ;fdflhs ljjfb jf åGå rsf{pg jf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ vt/f k'Ug ;Sg] af/] ;fjwfgL x'g'' kb{5 . s]xL cj:yfx¿df
;xeflutfd"ns n]vfhf]vf kmnbfoL gx'g ;Sb5, hxfF k|Zg ;f]Wgfn] cGtjf{tf{
lng] / lbg]nfO{ vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sb5 .
¨ ;f+:s[lts pko'Qmtf n]vfhf]vfsf ljlwx¿ ;f+:s[lts
tyf kl/l:yltcg'¿k ;+jb]gzLn / ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . n]vfhf]vf 6f]nLdf :yfgLo
kl/l:ylt;Fu /fd|/L kl/lrt JolQmx¿nfO{
;d]6\g' kb{5, h;nfO{ yfxf eP;Dd cGtjf{tf{ lbg]n] ljZjf; gug]{ x'g'x'Fb}g / p;n]
:yfgLo ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f / cEof;x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
;|f]t M cGt/lgsfo :yfoL ;ldlt cfktsfnLg
cj:yfx?df dfgl;s :jf:Yo / dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6Lsf] cToGt h?/L ;"rgf
;'b'/klZrdf~rn If]qLo
:jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno /fhk'/, 8f]6Lsf] cfof]hgfdf kf7]3/ v;]sf dlxnfx?sf] nflu
lgz'Ns ck|]zg lzlj/ tklznsf] :yfg / ldltdf ;~rfng x'g] ePsf]n] kf7]3/ v:g]
;d:ofaf6 kLl8t dlxnfx?n] df}sfsf] kmfO{bf p7fpg x'g hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
lzlj/ ;~rfng x'g] :yfg M– lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6L
ldlt M– @)&! a}zfv @% ut] b]vL #! ut] ;Dd
k'gZr M
!=
ck|]zg ug{ cfpg] dlxnfn] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] km]f6f]skL, uflj;
gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/; kq ;fydf lnO{ cfpg' kg]{5 .
@=
ck|]zgkl5 3/ hfg] a]nfdf ? !))) -Ps xhf/_ oftfoft vr{ jfkmtsf] /sd k|bfg ul/g]5
.
ckLn
ljZjJofkL afn arfp ;Ktfx —æafnaflnsfx?nfO{ % jif{sf] pd]/
k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ d klg tof/ 5'Æ
Affn :jf:Yo clxNo} kfFr jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] /f]syfd ug{
;lsg] d[To'sf] cGTo ug{ jN8{ lehgsf] kfFr jif]{ ljZjJofkL cleofg xf] .
ljZjJofkL afn arfp ;Ktfx ;g\ @)!$ sf] nflu afn :jf:Yo clxNo} cleofgsf] cfd
gful/s kl/rfngsf] sfo{qmd xf] . d] !—* af6 g]kfn ;lxt &) eGbf a9L b]zsf
dflg;x¿n] ljZje/d} cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ljZjJofkL afn arfp ;Ktfxdf efu ln+b} 5g\ .
ljZje/Ldf kfFr jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] d[To' cGTo
ug{] h?/L cfjZostfsf] nflu ljZjsf] Wofg cfslif{t ug]{ / dflg;x¿nfO{ cfslif{t
ug]{ o;sf] nIo xf] .
Gf]kfndf kfFr jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'sf] sf/0fx¿ x}hf,
Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ;ª\qmd0f / bfb'/f x'g\ . ;fgfx¿, c;xfox¿—kfFr jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf
ltgLx¿ cgfjZos, r'krfk d[To'j/0f ub{5g\, ;+rf/ dfWofdsf] k|sfzdf gcfO{sg} h'g gx'g'kg]{ xf] Û xfdLnfO{
;dfwfg yfxf x'Fbfx'Fb} xfdL oL hLjgx¿ u'd]sf] x]/]/ kv{g tof/ 5}gf}+ .
;fdfGo, k|of]u ul/Psf] / hfFr ul/Psf] sfo{ u/]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ kfFr jif{
k"/f ug]{ cj;/ lbPdf oL afnaflnsfx¿sf] hLjg arfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf
x:tIf]kx¿sf] sf/0fn] x/]s jif{ w]/}eGbf w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ :j:y / :ofxf/ kfPsf
eP/ x'ls{/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ut kGw| jif{df kfFreGbf sd pd]/df x'g] d[To' %$
k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . /fd|f] k|ult ePsf] 5 t/ ;a} afnaflnsf afFRg kfpg] s'/f
jf:tljstf x'g] xf] eg] ;a}eGbf hf]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf] nflu cem w]/} nufgL
/ Wofg hfg'k5{ . JolQmut ¿kdf xfdLn] o:tf lqmofl;ntfsf] nflu cem w]/} ug{
;S5f}+ . of] ;Dej 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 / o;sf] nflu /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs
g]t[Tjx¿sf] lqmofl;ntf xfdLn] b]Vg' k/]sf] 5
To;sf/0f g]kfndf / ;+;f/sf ;a} 7fpFdf of] s'/f u/fpgsf] nflu ljZjJofkL
cleofgdf ;fy lbg jN8{ lehgn] tkfO{+nfO{ cg'/f]w ub}{ 5 . ;a} 7fpFsf afnaflnsfn]
cfkm\gf] kfFrf}+ hGdlbg dgfpg kfpmg\ eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug{ :yfgLo / ljZjsf
cu'jfx¿nfO{ cfJxfg ug{sf] nflu cfkm\gf xft dfly p7fP/ æafnaflnsfx?nfO{ %
jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ d klg tof/ 5' ÛÆ eGg / sfd ug{ xfdLnfO{
afnaflnsfx¿, o'jfx¿, cfdfx¿, a'afx¿, wfld{s ;Dk|bfox¿ / ;d'bfox¿sf] ;dy{gsf]
vfFrf] 5 . ;+;f/df /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] d[To'sf] cGTo ug{ g]kfnn] d'Vo e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .
c¿ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu www.childhealthnow.org x]g'{xf];\ .
sd{rf/L cfjZostf ;DjlGw ;"rgf
;"rgf k|sfl;t ldlt M
@)&!÷)!÷@@
u|fdL0f ljsf; s]Gb| -cf/=l8=l;=_ g]kfn 8f]6L / DCA/ICCO/LWF sf] ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rfng
x'g] hnjfo' pTyfglzn lhlasf]kfh{g tyf vfB ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf / :yfgLo kxnsf nflu
;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] nflu tkl;ndf pNn]lvt sd{rf/Lx? cfjZos ePsf]n] of]Uotf
k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/sx?jf6 b/vf:t cfJXfg ul/G5 .
lj1fkg g+= M ))!÷)&)÷)&!
!_ kb M kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs, ;+Vof M Ps hgf
cfjZos of]Uotf tyf cg'ej M
¨ s[lif, jg, u|fld0f ljsf;, ;dfhzf:q ljifodf :gfts tx kf; u/L s[lifut tyf
u}Xs[lifut lhljsf]kfh{g k|a4{g, k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, hnjfo' kl/j{tg cg's'ng,
vfB ;'/Iffdf ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{sf] cg'ej ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 . c+u|]hL
/ g]kfnL efiffdf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ ;Sg],
/fd|];+u ;~rf/ ug{ Pj+ sfo{qmd ljsf; / of]hgf rqm ;DalGw /fd|f] 1fg ePsf] x'g'
kg]{5 . /fd|f] ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ;Lk ePsf] .
¨ sDKo'6/df bIf ePsf] -MS-word,
Excel & Power point ect_ .
¨ sfo{qmdut lhDd]jf/Lx? jxg ug{ ;Sg] .
@_ kb M h]=6L=P=-s[lif_ ;+Vof M Ps hgf sfo{If]q M jun]s
cfjZos of]Uotf tyf cg'ej
¨ dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 h]=l6=P= -s[lif_ kf; u/L slDtdf b'O{
jif{sf] c'gej k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ . g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf k|ltj]bg tof/
ug{ ;Sg] .
¨ ;d"x Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] .
¨ s[lifut tyf u}Xs[lifut lhlasf]kfh{g k|a4{gdf bIf ePsf]
¨ hnjfo' kl/j{tg cg's'ng tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fdf cg'ej ePsf] .
¨ ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw 1fg ePsf] .
¨ uflj;x?df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ;Dks{ ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg]
¨ sfo{qmdut lhDd]jf/Lx? jxg ug{ ;Sg] .
b/vf:t k]z ug]{ clGtd ldlt M
@)&!÷)!÷@* -j]n'sf %M)) jh];Dd_
k/LIffsf] lsl;d M lnlvt / cGt/jftf{
;'ljwf M ;+:yfsf] lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ kg]{ sfuhft
¨ lgj]bg / jfof]8f6f ! k|lt
b/vf:t k]z ug]{ :yfg M
;+:yfsf] sfof{no lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ! gfrgynL l;nu9L 8f]6L jf
O{d]nMinfo@rdcnp.org.np,
dbdeuwa@rdcnp.org.np, rdcnepal09@gmail.com
df klg k7fpg ;lsg]5 .
kmf]g gDj/ M )($-$@)!^$
u|fXotf M :yfgLoblnt, dlxnf, k5fl8
kfl/PsfnfO{ ljz]if u|fXotf lbO{g]5 .
gf]6 M cGt/jftf{df pkl:yt x'bf z}lIfs
k|df0f kq, cg'ej tyf tflndsf k|df0fkq / gful/stf ;lxt pkl:yt x'g' kg]{5 . Dofb
gf3L cfPsf lgj]bg pk/ s'g} sf/jfxL x'g]
5}g . k|f/lDes 5gf}6df k/]sfnfO{ dfq lnlvt / cGt/jftf{df ;dfj]z u/fO{g]5
. k|f/lDes 5gf}6df k/]sf pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL http://rdcnp.org.np df k|sfl;t ul/g]5 .
sd{rf/L cfjZostf ;DjlGw ;"rgf
k|yd k6s
k|sfl;t ldlt M @)&!÷)!÷@# ut]
g];gn nfO{km O{G;f]/]G; sDkgL lnld6]8
8f]6L zfvfsf] nflu s/f/ ;]jfdf Ps hgf sDKo'6/ ;xfos cfjZos ePsf]n] tkl;nsf]
of]Uotf ePsf O{R5's g]kfnL gful/sx?jf6 of] ;"rgf k|sf;g ePsf] ldltn] ;ft
lbgleq cfj]bg k]z ug{ x'g ;"lrt ul/G5 .
tkl;n
kb M sDKo'6/ ;xfos
;]jf M s/f/
Go'gtd of]Uotf M dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfgjf6 k|lj0ftf k|df0f
kq tx pQL0f{ -sDKo'6/df bIf, c+u|]hL / g]kfnL b'j} 6fO{k ug{ ;Sg], sDKo'6/
;DjlGw 1fg ePsf]_
g];gn nfO{km O{G;f]/]G; sDkgL
lnld6]8
8f]6L zfvf
5qjxfb'/ hf]/f -k|d'v_
;Dks{ M
(&%())@$@%, )($$!@@^(
g]kfn ;/sf/
;+3Lo
dfldnf tyf :yfgLo lasf; dGqfno
lhNnf
lasf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no
8f]6L, l;nu9L
b/efp kq cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf
k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldlt M @)&!÷)!÷!$
o; sfof{nojf6 ;~rfng x'g] u|fdL0f
kx'Fr sfo{qmd cGt/ut laleGg u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t ;Def/ ;8s lgdf{0f ;d"x -RMG_
dfkm{t ug{sf nflu cfjZos cf}hf/ x\jLnJof/f] tyf ;'/Iff ;fdu|L l;njGbL b/efpkq
dfkm{t v/Lb ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf lgDg ;t{x?sf] clwgdf /xL g]kfn ;/sf/jf6
O{hfhtk|fKt ;Knfo;{jf6 /Ltk"j{ssf] l;njGbL b/efpkq cfJxfg ul/G5 .
!= O{R5's b/efpkqbftfx?n] b/efp kq b:t'/ jfkmt
lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L ?=#))÷– -cIf]/]kL ?= tLg ;o dfq_ a'emfO{ gjLs/0f ePsf]
O{hfhtkq / d'No clea[l4s/ btf{ ePsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnkLx? lgj]bg;fy
/fvL o; sfof{nojf6 k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% cf}+ lbgsf]
sfof{no ;doleq ;Knfo;{ jf lghsf] clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] b/efpkq v/Lb ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
@= v/Lb ePsf b/efpkq k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] ldltn] !^ cf}+ lbgsf] l7s !@M)) jh]leq vfd jflx/ sfof{nosf] gfd, 7]Ssf
g+=, sfdsf] laj/0f / kmd{sf] gfd :ki6 pNn]v u/L o; sfof{nodf l;njGbL b/efpkq
btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
#= b/efpkq ;DjlGw sfuhft v/Lb ug]{ tyf bflvnf ug]{
clGtd lbg labf k/]df To;sf] ef]nLkN6 sfof{no v'n]sf] lbgnfO{ clGtd lbg dflgg]5
.
$= b/efpkq ;fy hdfgt jfkmt ? !())).)) -cIf]/kL ?
pGgfO{; xhf/ dfq_ w/f}6L /sd /f=jf=j}Ë 8f]6L zfvfdf /x]sf] o; sfof{nosf] w/f}6L
vftf g+= u #))! df hDdf u/]sf] ;Ssn} ef}r/ jf o; sfof{nosf] gfddf
dfGotfk|fKt a}Íjf6 hf/L ePsf] tyf b/efpkq v'n]sf] ldltn] () lbgsf] Dofb ePsf]
la8j08 k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
%= btf{ x'g cfPsf b/efpkqx? k|yd k6s ;"rgf
k|sflzt ldltn] !^ cf}+ lbgsf] 7Ls !M)) jh] b/efpkqbftfx? jf lghsf k|ltlglwx? /
sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx?s]f /f]xj/df o; sfof{nodf vf]lng]5 . b/efpkqbftfx? jf lghsf
k|ltlglwx?sf] cg'kl:yltdf klg b/efpkq vf]Ng s'g} jfwf kg]{5}g .
^= b/efpkq ;DjlGw sfuhftx?sf] k|To]s kfgfdf
b/efpkqbftfn] b:tvt u/L kmd{sf] 5fk nufpg' kg]{5 .
&= b/efpkqdf k|To]s cfO{6dsf] b//]6 -Eof6
jfx]ssf]_ c+s / cIf/df a'lemg] u/L eg'{ kg]{5 . s]/d6 ePsf]df :ki6;+u b:tvt
ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 . hDdf n=O{= /sd ? ^%@)!!.#) -Eof6 jfx]s_
*= b/efpkq :jLs[t ug]{, gug]{ tyf cfFlzs ?kdf
:jLs[t ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ sfof{nodf lglxt /xg]5 .
(= ;fdfg ;KnfO{ ug]{ :yfg lhNnf lasf; ;ldltsf]
:6f]/ lbkfon .
!)=
o; ;"rgf ;DjlGw cGo s]xL a'em\g' k/]df sfof{no ;doleq o; sfof{nodf ;Dks{
/fvL a'em\g ;lsg]5 . o; ;DjlGw cGo s'/fx? k|rlnt cfly{s k|zf;g ;DjlGw lgodfjnL
cg';f/ x'g]5 .
lzjs'/df sfsL{
:yfgLo lasf; clwsf/L
g]kfn ;/sf/
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo lasf; dGqfno
lhNnf lasf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no
8f]6L,
l;nu9L
b/efpkq cfJxfgsf] ;"rgf
k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldlt M @)&!÷)!÷!$
o;
sfof{nojf6 ;~rflnt ;8s jf]8{ sfo{qmd cGt/ut laleGg ;8sx?sf] dd{t ;Def/ ug'{
kg]{ ePsf]n] lgDg ;t{x?sf] clwgdf /xL g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 O{hfhtk|fKt ;Knfo;{jf6
/Ltk"j{ssf] l;njGbL b/efpkq cfJxfg ul/G5 .
!=
O{R5's b/efpkqbftfx?n] b/efpkq b:t'/ jfkmt lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L ? #))÷– -cIf/]kL ?
tLg ;o dfq_ a'emfO{ gljs/0f ePsf] O{hfhtkq / d'No clea[l4s/ btf{ ePsf]
k|df0fkqsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnkLx? lgj]bg;fy /fvL o; sfof{nojf6 k|yd k6s
;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% cf}+ lbgsf] sfof{no ;doleq ;Knfo;{ jf lghsf]
clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] b/efp kq v/Lb ug{ ;Sg]5g .
@=
v/Lb ePsf b/efpkq k|yd k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !^ cf}+ lbgsf] l7s
!@ jh]leq vfd jflx/ sfof{nosf] gfd, 7]Ssf g+=, sfdsf] laj/0f / kmd{sf] gfd :ki6
pNn]v u/L o; sfof{nodf l;njGbL b/efpkq btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
#=
b/efpkq ;DjlGw sfuhft v/Lb ug]{ tyf bflvnf ug]{ cGtLd lbg ljbf k/]df To;sf]
ef]nLkN6 sfof{no v'n]sf] lbgnfO{ cGtLd lbg dflgg]5 .
$=
b/efpkq ;fy hdfgt jfkmt w/f}6L /sd /f=jf=a}Í 8f]6L zfvfdf /x]sf] o; sfof{nosf]
w/f}6L vftf g+= u #))! df hDdf u/]sf] ;Ssn} a}Í ef}r/ jf o; sfof{nosf]
gfddf dfGotfk|fKt a}Íjf6 hf/L ePsf] tyf b/efp kq v'n]sf] ldltn] () lbgsf] Dofb
ePsf] la8j08 k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=
btf{ x'g cfPsf b/efpkq k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldltn] !^ cf}+ lbgsf] 7Ls ! jh]
b/efpkqbftfx? jf lghsf k|ltlglwx? / sof{nosf k|ltlglwx?sf] /f]xj/df o;
sfof{nodf vf]lng]5 . b/efpkqbftf jf lghsf k|ltlglwx?sf] cg'kl:yltdf klg b/efpkq
vf]Ng s'g} jfwf kg]{5}g .
^=
b/efpkq ;DjlGw sfuhftx?sf] k|To]s kfgfdf b/efpkqbftfn] b:tvt u/L kmd{sf] 5fk
nufpg' kg]{5 .
&=
b/efpkqdf k|To]s cfO{6dsf] b//]6 -Eof6 jfx]ssf]_ c+s / cIf/df a'lem]g u/L eg'{
kg]{5 . s]/d]6 ePsf]df :ki6;+u b:tvt ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
*=
b/efpkq :jLs[t ug]{, gug]{ tyf cf+lzs ?kdf :jLs[t ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/
sfof{nodf lglxt /xg]5 .
(=
;"rgf ;DjlGw cGo s]xL a'em\g' k/]df sfof{no ;doleq o; sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fvL
a'em\g ;lsg]5 . o; ;DjlGw cGo s'/fx? k|rlnt cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL cg';f/ x'g]5
.
l;=g+= sfdsf] laj/0f nfut c+s w/f}6L /sd ?= s}lkmot
-Eof6 jfx]s_ ?=
!=
w'sf]{6 lthfnL ;8s dd{t sfo{
&^@&!$.$@
@#))).))
@=
e'jfsf]6 jfFemssfgL ;8s dd{t sfo{
^%%$!&.!*
!&))).))
#=
/fhk'/ kmn]8L ju/ lwsf{df08f}+
^!%&^^.&)
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