ckf¨tf ePsf JolQmx?k|ltsf] gsf/fTds ;f]r cfh}b]lv cGTo u/f}+ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
d'Vo ;dfrf/
/fhg}lts :jfy{n] lasf;df ca/f]w
;s8 dfu{ / pkef]Qmf
;ldltsf] cWoIfsf nflu d"Vo lajfb
/fhk'/b]lv afUg]6] x'Fb} af;'b]aL ufla; hf]8\g] ;8s v08sf]
lgdf0f{sf nflu lhNnf lasf; ;ldltn] !)
nfvsf] ah]6 lalgof]lht u/]sf] 5 . vfltjf8f ufla;sf] k'g]tf]nfb]lv rfF;L d]Nn]s
x'Fb} la/nsfF8f ;8s lgdf0f{sf nflu lgjf{rg If]q k"af{wf/ lasf; sfo{qmd
cGt/ut ;ft nfv / u|fdL0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd -¥ofk–#_ cGt–/ut kfFr nfv ?k}ofF
lalgof]hg ePsf] 5 t/ :yfgLo lajfbsf sf/0f ;Demf}tf ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
To:t}
cfly{s s]Gb| tyf b'O{ lhNnf hf]8\g] sfo{qmd cGt–/ut l;dn8fF8f, ufFh/L / kf]v/L
x'Fb} ;f]s6 hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf0f{sf nflu !@ nfv ?k}ofF lalgof]lht ePsf] ePklg
lajfbsf sf/0f ;Demf}tf x'g ;s]g .
8f]6L
lhNnfsf laleGg :yfgdf ;8ssf] dfu{ stf n}hfg] / pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] sf]
aGg] eGg] af/] lajfbsf ePsf sf/0f ;8s lgdf{0fsf] sfd cl3 a9\g ;s]sf 5}g .
/fgfufpF x'Fb} af;'b]aL hf]8\g] ;8s v08df cWoIf /fgfufpF ufla;sf] aGg] sL
af;'b]aL ufla;sf] eGg] ljjfb pTkGg x'Fbf ;8s lgdf0f{sf] sfd x'g g;s]sf]
af;''b]aL ufla;sf n]vkfn 8Dd/ e§n] atfP . ufFh/L, kf]v/L x'Fb} ;f]s6 hf]8\g]
;8s / vfltj8f ufla;df ;8ssf] dfu{ sxfFaf6
agfpg] eGg] lajfb pTkGg x'Fbf ;8s lgdf{0fsf] ;Demf}tf x'g g;s]sf] xf] .
/fgfufpF
xF'b} af;'b]aL hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf{0fsf nflu k|]d s'Fj/sf] cWoIftfdf pkef]Qmf
;ldlt u7g u/L a}zfv @@ ut] lhNnf lasf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no;+u ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof]
t/ ;f]xL lbg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tf ;d]t /x]sf /fgfufpFsf :yfgLo nf]s]Gb| zfxLn]
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g ubf{ /fgfufpF ufla;sf dfG5]nfO{ hfgsf/L glbPsf] eGb} ;8s
lgdf{0f /f]Sg lhla;df ph'/L lbP . ph'/Ldf /fgfufpFnfO{ hfgsf/L glbO{ pef]Qmf
;ldlt agfPsf]n], ;8s lgdf{0f x'g] If]q b'a} ufla;sf] e"–efu kg]{ ePsfn]
;+o'Qm pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g u/fO{ lbg x'g cfu|x ub5{ .Ú
ph'/Ldf
b'a} ufla;sf] ;+o'Qm pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gsf] dfu u/]sf] ePklg ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{df
;Demf}tf ug]{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf /fgfufpF ufla;sf u0f]z dNn /x]sf 5g .
u0f]z dNn pkfWoIf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;ldlt Psnf}6L ePsf] ph'/L kg'{ cWoIfg} rflxG5
eGg] bfjL xf] eGg] a'emfO{ ;DjlGwt lgsfosf] 5 .
^ k6s
;Dd a}7s a:bf ;dfwfg cfPg
/fgfufpF
x'Fb} af;'b]aL hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf{0fsf nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gsf nflu ^ k6s;Dd
;+o'Qm a}7s a;fpFbf klg ;dfwfg gcfPsf] /fgfufpF ufla;sf ;lra lbk]Gb| zfxn]
hfgsf/L lbP . pgn] eg] …^ k6s a}7s a:of] t/ ;ldlt s;/L agfpg] af/] 6'ªuf] nfu]g
.Ú /fgfufpF / af;'b]aL ufla;sf :yfgLon] cWoIf cfkm\gf] aGg' kg]{ eGg] bfaL u/]sf sf/0f ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf] xf] .
e"uf]n
/ :jfldTjsf] d'4f lnP/ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lgdf{0fdf /fhgLlt xfaL ePsf] 5 . k|d'v bn
g]kfnL sf+u]|; / g]skf Pdfn]dWo] ;8s lgdf{0fsf] /fhg}lts kmfO{bf s:n] lng] eGg]
af/] vf; lajfb /x]sf] ;|f]tn] hfgsf/L
lbof] .
/fhg}lts
lajfbsf sf/0f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g x'g g;s]sf] :yfgLo lasf; clwsf/L af;'b]a /]UdLn] atfP . /]UdLn] eg]
…pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gdf s:sf] kf6L{sf] aGg], sf] aGg] eGg] lajfb x'G5 To;}
sf/0fn] w]/} 7fpFdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .Ú
;Demf}tfsf
nflu sfg'gL ;d:of
c;f/
d;fGt;Dd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ sfdx?sf] ;Demf}tf a}zfv !% ut];Dd ;Demf}tf u/L ;Sg'
kg]{ k|fAwfg 5 . :yfgLox?sf] lajfbsf sf/0f clxn];Dd klg ;Demf}tf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g
.
;Demf}tf
ug]{ ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 sfd ;'? ug{sf nflu ;Demf}tf ug{sf nflu lhNnf lasf;
;ldltnfO{ klg sfg'gL ;+s6 kg]{5 . sfd klg :t/Lo x'g] ;Defjgf 5}g .
/fgfufpF
x'Fb} af;'b]aL hf]8\g] ;8ssf nflu lgjf{rg If]q k"jf{wf/ lasf; sfo{qmd
cGt/utsf] ;ft nfv / af;'b]aL ufla;sf] b'O{ nfv %) xhf/, ltvfQ/ ufla;sf] b'O{
nfv / uu'8f ufla;sf] Ps nfv ?k}ofFsf]
sfd ;DkGg eP/ e'QmfgL ;d]t eO{;s]sf] 5 .
;DkfbsLo
a}w /fhgLltsf] ;'?jft
h]7 !( ut] lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf nflu
lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogdf sf] lhTof], sf] xf¥of] eGg] eGbf klg
o;sf] b'/ufdL c;/ s] k¥of] eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . sltkon] of]
r'gfjsf] glthfnfO{ at{dfg ;/sf/sf] k|efj eg], sltkon] tnj a[l4nfO{ eg], sltkon]
r'gfjdf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] eg], cem st} st} t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ aGws jgfO{of] eg]/
r'gfjd} ;xeflu ePsf kIfx?af6 la1KtL ;d]t cfof] . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf csf]{ kIfnfO{
ef]6 xfn]sf] eGb} s'6lk6 u/]sf 36gfx? klg ;fj{hlgs eP . ;fdflhs ;~hfn km];a'sdf
nfhdbf{ / lg/f;fk"0f{ cleJolQm klg b]lvP .
of]
r'gfjL kl/0ffd xf], o;df s'g} Pp6f kIf cuf8L cfpg' / c? k5f8L /xg' :jefljs
k|lqmof xf] . 6«]8 o'lgog r'gfjdf dfq} xf/lht ePsf] laifo xf]O{g, cGo r'gfjdf
klg xfl/lht x'g] u5{ . b'Mvsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;femf ;+u7g
ePsf sf/0f of] r'gfj dof{lbt x'g' kg]{ lyof], sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ufpFaf6 Nofpg uf8L
k7fpg' kg]{ lyPg, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf÷sfo{stf{x?n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ bjfj lbg'
x'Gy]g, df;'–eft / hfF8df ef]6 lsGg] cj:yf cfpg lbg' lyPg . la8Djgf, eof] To;}
.
o;n] s]
s'/f k|i6 kf5{ eg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] s/af6 tnj eQf vfFb} g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;]jf u5{
eGg] /fi6«;]jsx? g} larf/n], laj]sn]
:j–lg0f{odf k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g, klxnf]
s'/f . o:tf sd{rf/Lx?n] lbg] ;]jf slQsf] k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] laifodf klg
rrf{ x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . bf]>f] s'/f, pgLx?nfO{ s'g} 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf
5}g . olb 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf x'GYof] eg] pgLx? :jtM:km't{ ?kdf dtbfg ug{
cfpy], pgLx?nfO{ lngsf nflu s'g} kIfn] uf8L k7fpg' kg]{, pgLsf] vfgfsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ kg]{ h?/L lyPg .
v}/,
r'gfjdf h] eof] Tof] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] k/fsDkgsf ?kdf a'e\mg' pko'Qm xf]nf t/
r'gfjn] h] lbof] Tof] eg] lgs} b'MvbfoL x'g]5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] laZjJofkL dfGotf
cg';f/ sdbf/x?n] ;+u7g vf]Ng kfpg], cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/sf nflu ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL
ug{ kfpg], ;+ul7t x'g kfpg], x8\tfn ug{ kfpg] h:tf clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . o; sf/0f
sd{rf/Lx?n] klg ;+ul7t x'g kfpg' k5{ To;df b'O{dt 5}g . t/, cflwsfl/s 6«]8
o'lgogsf nflu r'gfj n8\g sd{rf/Lx?sf ;+3÷;+u7gx? rflxg] eg]kl5 klxn] sd{rf/Lx? s'g} g s'g}
;+3÷;+u7gdf ;xeflu x'g' k¥of] . lt ;+3÷;+u7gx? /fhgLlts bnsf eft[ ;+u7gx? x'g .
of] 6]«8 o'lgogn] cj s'g} klg sd{rf/L :jtGq /xg ;Sb}g eGg] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . olb
s'g} sd{rf/L :jtGq a:5 / p;n]
cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] s'g} klg txdf g]t[Tj ug{ rfxfG5 eg] p;sf nflu
Tof] cfsfzsf] kmn h:t} x'g] eof] . o;sf] cy{ xfdLn] xfd|f] sfg'gaf6} s'g} klg
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ æ:jtGq gj;, s'g} g s'g} kf6L{sf] rfs/ jgÆ eg]sf 5f}+ .
/fhgLlts
bnx? eGbf afx]ssf] olb s'g} sd{rf/L ;+u7g eG5g eg] Tof] ;+u7g e/v/} ;DkGg
cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lng] …:jtGq sd{rf/L ;+u7gÚ sf] x}l;otdf
k'U5 . cGtTjuTjf cl:tTjg} ;dfKt x'G5 . To;}n] of] 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg eg]sf]
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ v'Nndv'Nnf /fhgLlt ug{ a}wflgstf lbg] af6f] xf] . cj lautsf] eGbf
klg emg a9L /fhgLlt x'g]5 lghfdlt If]qdf . cg'xf/ x]/]/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] cj:yf
klg cfpg ;S5 cj . To;}n] of] ;+u7g r'gfj n8\g] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 .
;fd'lxs ;f}bfafhLsf nflu cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog eP c? lsg rflxof] / <
yk
;dfrf/
zf}rfnosf nflu ldlg/n jf6/
n e"ld/fh hf]zL÷l;nu9L
h]7 @$
…d la/fdL eP/ cfPsf] cfh !@ lbg eof] . lhNnf c:ktfndf kfgLsf]
yf]kf klg b]lvPg . kfgL Kof; nfUof] eg] >Ldfg\n] ahf/af6 af]tnsf] kfgL lsg]/
NofOlbg' x'G5 / zf}rfnodf klg Tof] kfgL g} nu]/ hfG5' .Ú
8f}8
ufla;–* sL b'uf{b]aL v8\sf cfuf]n] kf]lnPsf sf/0f pkrf/sf nflu 8f]6L c:ktfn
cfO{g . pgn] c:ktfndf zf}rfno hfgnfO{ ;d]t kfgL kfO{gg\ . 8f]6L c:ktfndf /fd|f]
;]jf ;'lawf 5 eGg] ;'g]/ cfPsL b'uf{ elG5g\ …oxfF t kfgL ;d]t kfO{Pg .Ú
c?
7fFpnfO{ 5f]8]/ klg la/fdLsf] nflu eg]/ rf}la;} 306f lhNnf c:ktfndf kfgL
lbO/x]sf] eG5g\ t/ oxfF t kfgLsf] ;d:ofn] c:ktfn g} æla/fdLÆ ePsf] v8\sf
atfpl5g . pgn] elgg\, …sd{rf/Lsf Sjf6/df t 6f9}af6 6\of+sLx?af6 kfgL aflx/
au]sf] b]lvG5, otf la/fdLsf] ;'Tg] sf]7f, zf}rfnodf eg] aiff+}{b]lv kfgL gcfP
h:t} b]lvG5 .Ú
O{G8f]/
/ cfktsfnLg sIfsf nflu elgP/ /flvPsf kfgLsf 6\of+sLx?df aiff{}b]lv kfgL gcfP
h:t} 5 . 6\of+sLleq :ofpnf s'lxPsf 5g, dfs'/fn] hfnf] agfPsf], Eofu'Qf, 5]kf/fx?
v]ln/x]sf 5g . kfgL ;w}+ cfpF5 t/ Aoj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] sxfF hfG5, yfxf 5}g .
c:ktfn
lasf; ;ldltsf cWoIf z+s/ bLk d8}sf] nfk/afxLn] ubf{ s'g} s'/f klg Aoj:yfkg x'g
g;s]sf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nosL ;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{qmd ;+of]hs uf}/L zfxLn]
atfOg\ . zfxLn] elgg\ …xfdLn] c:ktfnsf] Aoj:yfkg sdhf]/ eof] eg]/ k6s–k6s
af]nfpFbf klg cWoIf d8}n] jf:tf u/]gg\, ls t ;Sb}g eg]/ kb g} /fhLgfdf lbg'
lyof], ls t c:ktfnsf] Aoj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg' lyof] .Ú cfkm" lhNnf :jf:Yo
sfof{no 8f]6Ldf ePb]lv Aoj:yfkg kIf ;a}eGbf
sdhf]/L d8}sf] sfo{sfndf ePsf] klg lhls/ ul/g\ .
l;nu9L
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfof{nosf k|d'v /fd wfdLn] c? 7fpFnfO{
5f]8]/ klg la/fdLnfO{ dsf{ kfg'{x'Gg eg]/ c:ktfnnfO{ k|To]s lbg cf7 xhf/ ln6/
kfgL lbg] u/]sf] atfP . sfof{no k|d'v wfdLn] eg], …lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no /
c:ktfnn] s/La kfFr nfv ?k}ofF vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ lbg afFsL /xFbf klg
xfdLn] kfgL cfk'lt{ aGb u/]sf lyPgf}+ .Ú c:ktfndf lbPsf] kfgL sd{rf/Lx?sf]
lgjf;df aUg] u/]sf] atfpFb} wfdLn] c:ktfnleqsf] kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf
c:ktfns} ePsf] jtfP . wfdLn] eg] …o;df al/i7 hg:jf:Yo k|d'v /Ltf e08f/L -hf]zL_
n] klg jf:tf u/]sf] b]lvb}g .Ú
c:ktfn
Aoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf z+s/bLk d8};+u ;Dks{ ug{ vf]Hbf b'O{ k6s kmf]g g} p7]g .
t]>f] k6s 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ ;Dks{ eof] t/ c:ktfn Aoj:yfkgsf] s'/f lgsfNb} d8}n] cfkm"nfO{ xtf/ ePsf]
afxfgfdf kmf]g kl5 ug{ cfu|x u/] . s/La Ps 306fkl5 km]/L kmf]g aftf{ ug{ vf]Hbf w]/} k6s kmf]g
p7]g .
a}zfv
@# ut] k|yd /fli6«o kqsfl/tf lbj;sf] cj;/df lhNnf c:ktfn ;/–;kmfO{ ug{ /
la/fdLnfO{ kmnkm'n lat/0f ug{ k'u]sf 8f]6Lsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L s]zjk|;fb
cfrfo{n] t'?Gt} kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ :jf:Yo k|d'v e08f/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf lyP
t/ cfh Ps dlxgf laTbf ;d]t k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] lgb]{zg s'lx/f]sf] sfu h:t}
ePsf] 5 .
cfkm'n]
k6s k6s c:ktfnsf] ;d:ofx?sf] laifodf s'/f ubf{ pN6} cfkm'nfO{ ckdfg ul/Psf]
/fk|kf 8f]6Lsf sfo{afxs cWoIf axfb'/l;+x v8\sfn] atfP . pgn] eg], …k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L cfrfo{n] hg:jf:Yo k|d'v /Ltf e08f/L
hf]zLnfO{ tkfO{sf] kIfdf n8\g] d 5' eg] b]lv t emg} :yf:Yo k|d'vn] emg}
nfj/jfxL ub}{5g .Ú
dfx'/L ks]6 If]q x'g]
u}/fufpF ufla; –# dfx'/L ks]6 If]q aGg] ePsf] 5 .
;fgf
tyf demf}nf s[ifs cfo:t/ a[l4 cfof]hgf cGt/–ut afhsf]6L s[ifs ;dx'n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]u pQm
cfof]hgf ;'? ug{ nfu]sf] xf] .
df}/L
kfngsf nfuL ks]6 If]q aGg agfpgsf nfuL !( 3/ kl/jf/n] u}/fufpFdf b'O{ ;o ()
3f/df df}/L kfng ug]{ ePsf 5g . pQm ;d'xn]
jflif{s %=* d]l6«s6g dx pTkfbg ug]{ nIf /fv]sf 5g .
aflif{s
k|lt3f/af6 @) s]hL pTkfbg ug]{ nIf /flvPsf] ;d"xsf Aoj:yfks e/taxfb'/ af]x/fn]
atfP . Pl;ofnL ljsf; j}+sn] ^% k|ltzt
cg'bfg lbg]5 eg] ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 #% k|ltzt of]ubfg ug]{ afhsf]6L s[ifs
;d"xsf cWoIf ;f?b]jL af]x/fn]
hfgsf/L lbO{g .
k/Dk/fut
?kdf dfx'/L kflnb} cfPsf] pQm ufpFdf ca cfw'lgs 3f/ /fv]/ Aoj;flos p2]Zosf ;fy dfx'/L kfng ug]{
:yfgLo dlxnfx?n] atfPsf 5g . dlxnf ;d"xn] pQm cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{5g .
b'gL ;/;kmfO{ d'Qm 3f]if0ff x'g]
c5fdsf] b'gL uflj;nfO{ @)&# ;fnleq ;/;kmfO{o'Qm uflj; 3f]if0ff
ul/g] ePsf] 5 .
uflj;df
cfh cfof]lht u'0f:t–/Lo ljsf; of]hgf / k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljifos ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmddf oxL @)&# ;fnleq uflj;nfO{ ;/;kmfO{o'Qm uflj; 3f]if0ff
ug]{ u/L tof/L eO/x]sf] ufla; ;lra v8\sfn] atfP . b'gL uflj;sf] cfof]hgfdf
ePsf] sfo{qmddf :yfgLo /fhgLlts bn,
sd{rf/L, ;/f]sf/jfnf, a'4LhLjL / gful/sx?n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ljleGg ^ a'Fb] k|lta4tf
hgfPsf x'g .
h;
cg';f/ x/]s jif{df b'O{ k6s clgjfo{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf
k|fKt ug]{x?sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{, of]hgfx?sf] clGtd ls:tf lgsf;f ug'{cl3
;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ nufot /x]sf 5g . o:t} ;a} of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L
cg'udg ug]{ / ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljBfno;Dd k'¥ofpg] klg
k|lta4tf hgfO{Psf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf
pkl:yt :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf / gful/sn] /fHon] x/]s jif{ uflj;sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo,
ef}lts k'jf{wf/, ejg lgdf{0f nufot ljsf;] of]hgfsf nflu lbg] /sd ck'u ePsf]
;d]t atfPsf 5g .
;ft dlxgfb]lv sfof{no aGb
n v]d ad÷l;nu9L
h]7 @#
Ps ;/sf/L sfof{no slt lbg ;Dd aGb /xg ;Sbf < tkfO{sf] pQ/ x'g
;S5 Ps lbg, b'O{, lbg jf Ps xKtf, obL tkfO{sf] cg'dfg o:t} 5 eg] Tof] unt x'g]5 .
8f]6L
lhNnfsf] rj/frf}tf/f ufla;df /x]sf] Ps cfo'j]{b sfof{no aGb 5 . )&@
d+l;/af6 sfof{no k'0f{?kdf aGb ca:yfdf 5 .
sfof{nodf
Ps slj/fh, Ps j}B, b'O{ hgf sfof{no ;xof]uLsf] b/aGbL /x]sf] cfo'j]{b
cf}ifwfnodf clxn] rfkL vf]Ngsf nfuL Ps hgf klg 5}g .
g]kfn
;/sf/n] g} :yfkgf u/]sf] pk cf}ifwfnodf ePsf ;a} sd{rf/L cGt ;'?jf u/]/ sfof{no
aGb ug{ ;/sf/sf clwsf/Lsf] g} e"ldsf 5 . cf}ifwfnosf ;a} sd{rf/L ;?jf eP
kl5 afFsL u/]sf sfof{no ;xof]uL klg & dlxgf klxnf cjsf; k|fKt u/]kl5
sfof{nosf] tfNrf ;d]t vf]lnPsf] 5}g .
af]u6fg
If]qsf cf7 cf]6f ufla;nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;]jf s]Gb|
cf}ifwfno g} ;ft dlxgfb]lv aGb /x]sf] 5 . lb3{/f]uL, bd, afy/f]usf] ;d:of ePsf
la/fdLx? dsf{df k/]sf 5g .
@)!^
;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnodf klxnf klg o:t} k|sf/sf] ;d:of cfPsf]
lyof] . :jf:Yo dGqfnodf b/aGbL dfu ubf{ klg ;'g'jfO{ gePsf] lhNnf cfo'j]{b
cf}ifwfnosf k|d'v 8f r]t/fh hf]zLn] atfP . pgn] eg] …xfdLn] w]/} k6s l/Qm
:yfgdf b/jGbL dfu ubf{ sf]xL klg ;'Gb}gg\, dfyLaf6} ;'?jfsf] kq lnP/ cfp5g,
sd{rf/L a:g} dfGb}gg\ .Ú
cfo'j]{b
ljefun] rg'sfF8f cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnodf sfo{/t j}B v]d/fh kg]?nfO{ 88]Nw'/f /
slj/fh b]j]Gb| ofbjnfO{ dx]Gb|gu/ ;?jf u/]sf] lhNnf cfo'j]{b k|d'v 8f hf]zLn]
atfP . hf]zLn] eg] …tTsflng cfo'j]{b ljefusf dxflgb]{zs b]jsnf e08f/Ln] sfg'g
lakl/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;'?jf u/], sfof{no aGb x'gkg]{ ca:yf cfof] .Ú hf]zLn] yk]
…sfof{no g} aGb x'g] u/L u/L ;?jf ug]{ k|fJwfg 5}g, t/ dxflgb]{zs e08f/Ln] sfg'g xftdf lnP/ ;?jf
ug'{ eof] .Ú
cem} @
dlxgf aGb x'g ;Sg]
;ft
dlxgf;Dd aGb /x]sf] sfof{no cem} v'Ng] s'g} 5fF6 5}g . ePsf ;a} sd{rf/L ;?jf
u/]sf] cfo'a]{b laefun] gofF sd{sf/L ;?jf ug]{
;Defjgf 5}g .
>fj0fdf
dfq sd{rf/L k7fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xsf] lhNnf cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnosf k|d'v hf]zLn]
atfP . pgn] eg] …lhNnfsf] kxndf slj/fh / j}Bsf] nf]s;]jf eO{;s]sf] / ebf}leq g}
kf]li6Ë x'G5 .
lhNnfsf
cGo 8f]6Ldf hf]/fon, nfgfs]bf/]Zj/, rj/frf}tf/f, uf]k3f6, ;fgfufFp, pRrfsf]6,
tf]n]gL / lhNnf cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno nufot * j6f sfof{non] ;]jf lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
cfjZos hgzlQm cefjsf sf/0f 8f]6Ldf o:tf] ;d:of k/]sf xf] . xfn 8f]6Ldf tLg j}B
/ tLg slj/fhsf] kb l/Qm /x]sf] 5 .
;k{sf] 6f]sfOaf6 Pshgfsf] d[To'
a}t8Lsf] l;Q8df ;k{sf] 6f]sfOaf6 Ps j[4fsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 .
a}t8Lsf]
l;Q8 uflj;–% aluN8fsL &% jifL{of /ldnf hf]zLsf] ;k{sf] 6f]sfOaf6 Hofg uPsf]
:yfgLo /fdbQ hf]zLn] hfgsf/L lbP . pgn]
eg] …3/ leq} vfgf ksfO/x]sf a]nf PSsf;L ;k{n] cfP/ 6f]s]sf] lyof] .Ú
…;k{sf]
6f]sfOaf6 3fOt] ePsL hf]zLnfO{ of] ;fdfGo xf] eGb} c:ktfndf gnfuL wfdL
emfFs|LnfO{ af]nfP/ emf/km's ug{ yfNof+}Ú :yfgLo /fdbQ hf]zLn] eg] …emf/km's
ubf{ub}{ j[4f hf]zLsf] Hofg uPsf] xf] .Ú hgr]tgfsf] sdLn] ubf{ csfnd} Hofg
uPsf] :yfgLox?n] atfPsf 5g .
l;:gf] / ;fnsf] kftaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL
n s0f{ rGb÷8f]6L
h]7 @$
8f]6L lhNnfsf] 306]Zj/ ufla;–! sL OGb|f cf]nL cr]n lgs} v'zL l5g .
b'O{ aif{ klxn];Dd af/Ldf l;:gf] pd|bf nf}/fn] r'6]/ kmfNg] OGb|f clxn] ToxL
l;:gf]sf] ;+/If0fdf h'6]sL l5g .
;d'bfodf
l;:g'nfO{ u/Ljn] vfg] a:t' xf] eg]/ x]nf ul/GYof] . clxn] ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg
sfo{qmdn] ;d'bfonfO{ l;:g'sf] dxTj a'emfPkl5 l;:g' ;+/If0fdf h'6]sf] O{Gbf
elG5g . 5'+bf klg kf]Ng] l;:gf] olQsf] pkof]uL xf]nf eGg] sNkgf ;d]t gu/]sL
OGb|fn] k|lt lsnf] cfnf] l;:gf] $) ?k}Fofdf a]Rg yfn]sL l5g .
306]Zj/sL
OGb|f l;:gf]sf] pkof]uLtf b]v]/ b+u k/]h:t}
/fgfufpF ufla;–( sL efuf g]kfnL ;fnsf] kftsf] pkof]uLtf b]v]/ dVv k/]sL
5g . ;fnsf] kft k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg dfq pkof]u x'G5 7fg]sL efufn] ;fnsf] kft
laqmL x'g yfn]kl5 kftsf] yk pkof]uLtf af/] hfgsf/L kfPsL l5g . efuf a:t'efp
r/fpg h+undf hfFbf ;fnsf] kft ;+sngdf nflu/xlG5g . pgL elG5g\ …h+undf uf]?
r/fpg hfFbf ;fnsf] kft l6k]/ cfDbfgL klg ul//x]sL 5' . lbgdf !)÷!% lsnf] kft
;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 k|lt lsnf] !% ?k}ofFdf laqmL x'G5 .Ú
OGb|f /
efuf dfq} xf]O{g gofF k|lalwsf] k|of]u u/]/ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg af6} /fd|f]
cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] ePkl5 pgLx? h:t} w]/} dlxnf v'zL ePsf 5g . kmjf8{ g]kfn /
u|fdL0f lasf; s]Gb|sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf agdf cfwfl/t ax' ;/f]sf/jfn ag sfo{qmd
cGt/ut 8f]6L lhNnfd} klxnf] k6s tLg ufla;df l;:gf] k|zf]wg / b'O{ ufla;df b'gf6k/L
pBf]u ;'? ePsf x'g .
/fgfufpF
/ 5ltjg uflj;df b'gf6k/L pBf]u,;/:jtLgu/,
306]Zj/ / 8f}8 uflj;df l;:g' k|zf]wg pBf]u /
a5}{g 5lQjg uflj;df b'gf6k/L pBf]u ;~rflnt /x]sf 5g .
lhNnf
s} u|fdL0f e]udf ;fgf ?kdf ;'? ePsf pBf]un] ;fg} kl/df0fdf ePklg cfDbfgL ;'?
u/]sf dlxnfx? ax' ;/f]sf/jfnf
sfo{qmd b]zaf6} aflxl/Pkl5 b'MvL klg ePsf 5g . gd'gf l;:gf] k|zf]wg pBf]usL
;~rfns hd'gf af]x/f elG5g\ …sfdsf] ;'?jft /fd|} ePsf] 5, t/ o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
;Sg] / lbuf]kgfsf xfd|f nflu r'gf}tL 5g . sfo{qmd g aflx/LPsf] eP w]/} /fd|f]
ug{ ;lsGYof] .Ú ;g @)@@ ;Dd rNg] elgPsf]
sfo{qmd g]kfnaf6} aflx/LPsf] 5 .
v]n
;dfrf/
k|lzIfssf] tnj /f]Ssf x'g]
n ;]tf]kf6L cgnfO{g
/fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ -/fv]k_ sf ;b:o–;lrj s]zjs'df/ lji6n] sfd
gu/L tna dfq a'‰g] v]ns'b k|lzIfssf] tna /f]Ssf x'g] atfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf
;g\ @)!* df x'g nfu]sf] !# cf}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b -;fu_ / ;ftf}F /fli6«o
v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgfnfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L, Jojl:yt / pknlAwd"ns agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] ljifodf ;'emfj ;Íng ug{ cfof]lht cGtlqm{ofdf lji6n] v]nf8LnfO{ k|lzIf0f g}
gu/fO{ xflh/ u/]sf e/df tna dfq a'‰g] tL k|lzIfssf] xflh/ klg vf/]hL x'g]
atfPsf x'g\ .
;b:o–;lrj
lji6n] k|lzIf0f gu/fpg] k|lzIfssf] …l/kf]6{Ú ;DalGwt lgsfodf a'emfp If]qLo
k|lzIf0f k|d'vnfO{ lgb]{zg lbFb} v]nf8LnfO{ k|lzIf0fsf] jftfj/0f ldnfpg ;s];Dd
sGh':ofOF gul/g] k|lta4tf JoQm u/] .
ljefusf
lgb]{zs gjLg pk|]tLn] cGtlqm{ofaf6 cfPsf ;'emfj ;d]6L k'l:tsf tof/ ul/g] tyf
x/]s lhNnf / If]qdf k7fOg] hfgsf/L lbP .
cGtlqmofdf
;xefuLaf6 /fli6«o 6f]nLsf] ljsNksf ?kdf csf]{ 6f]nLsf] tof/L, bL3{sfnLg
of]hgfsf] cfjZostf, j}1flgs k|lzIf0f, b}lgs k|lzIf0fsf nflu v]n ;fdu|Lsf]
Joj:yfkg, s/ft] / lqms]6nfO{ !#cf}F ;fudf ;dfj]z u/fOg'kg]{ nufot ;'emfj k|fKt
ePsf lyP .
/fv]k
cGtu{t tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f ljefusf] cfof]hgfdf cfh ;ftbf]af6f]l:yt cGt/fli6«o
v]ns'b kl/;/df ;DkGg tLglbg] cGtlqmofdf @# v]nsf k|d'v k|lzIfs / kfFr If]qsf
If]qLo k|lzIf0f k|d'vsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . lj;+ @)%$ kl5 klxnf] k6s o:tf]
cGtlqmof cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] .
aS;/ df]xDdb cnLsf] lgwg
n Ph]G;L
cd]l/sL n]h]08 aS;/ df]xDdb cnLsf] &$ jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg
ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sL /fHo Pl/hf]gfsf] kmf]lgS; zx/df pgsf] lgwg ePsf] xf] .
pgnfO{
laxLaf/ c:ktfn egf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . pgL :jf;k|jf;;DjGwL /f]uaf6 kLl8t lyP .
pgsf] xf]d 6fpg s]G6sL nf]P]lh+udf g} cGTo]li6 ul/g] kfl/jf/n] hgfPsf] 5 .
pgsf]
hGd !($@ hgj/L !& df ePsf] lyof] . !(^) df /f]d cf]nlDksdf nfO6 x]jLj]6df
:j0f{ kbs lht]kl5 pgL rrf{df cfP .
pgsf]
jf:tljs gfd sfl;o; df;]{n; Sn] h'lgo/ xf] . t/, pgn] !(^$ df cfˆgf] gfd kl/j{tg
u/]/ df]xDdb cnL /fv] . …lb u|]6]:66Ú gfdaf6 rlr{t pgn] !(^$ df ;f]gL ln:6gnfO{
x/fP/ klxnf] ljZj pkflw lht] / tLg k6s ljZj x]jLj]6 lhTg] klxnf] aS;/ ag] .
pgn]
hDdf ^! k|lt:kwf{dWo] %^ df lht xft kf/]sf lyP . pgn] !(*! df alS;ªaf6 ;Gof;
lnP .
rnlrq÷dgf]/~hg
cr{gf kg]? eGbf klg pQ]hs ;'Gb/L
n lkmNdL vj/
gjf]lbt uflosf lzn' kf]v/]nn] kf]g{:6f/ aGg] of]hgf kfn]sL cr{gf
kg]?nfO{ dfy v'jfpg] clego u/]sL l5g\ .
cfO
jfG6 6' ne zLif{ssf] uLtdf :j/ ;d]t lbPsL lzn'n] af]N8 clego cfkm}+n] u/]sL
l5g\ .
ls/0f
vftLsf] zAbdf l/d]z s'df/sf] ;+uLt /x]sf] 5 eg] lzn' cfkm}n] clego u/]sL l5g\ .
uLtsf] zAb ;+uLtdf s'g} dfw'o{tf e]l6b}g . a? rrf{df cfpgsf nflu dfq} l;n'n]
cw{gUg eP/ clego u/]sf] xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 .
…d d:tfgL x'g rfxGg, dnfO{ laaflxt
k'?ifsf] 3/ laufg{' 5}gÚM lk|o+sf sfsL{
n cgnfO{g vj/
klt;Fu l8ef];{ u/]/ g]kfn cfPkl5 gflosf lk|o+sf sfsL{ rnlrq If]qdf
Jo:t l5g\ . clxn]sL rlr{t gflosfsf] xftdf sfo{qmd, rnlrqsf] sdL 5}g .
ul;k
ahf/df ;jf{lws w]/} /dfpg] lk|o+sfn] >Ldfg\nfO{ ;do–;dodf ld; t ulb{/lx5g\ .
pgn] clego ul//x]sf] rnlrq …cgfutÚ >Ldfg\–>LdtLsf] syfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
o;}n] pgL;Fu xfdLn] >Ldfg\ / pgsf] rfxgfsf] s'/f u¥of}+ . tkfO{ s:tf] ;dodf
>Ldfg\nfO{ ld; ug{'x'G5 eGg] k|Zgdf pgn] /dfOnf] hjfkm lbOg\ .
pgn]
elgg\ …d >Ldfg\nfO{ w]/} ld; ulb{g . t/, sf]xL–sf]xL a]nf t x'G5 . d]/f]
hGdlbgdf s;}n] ;/k|fOh s]s sfl6lbof];\ eGg] nfU5 . s;}n] nfdf] ofqfdf n}hfcf];\
eGg] x'G5 .Ú pgL cfkm" cfkm}dfly e/kg{ ;Sg] ePsf] atfpFl5g\ . gflosf
sfsL{n] v'n]/} elgg\ …d @* aif{sf] pd]/df g} Pp6f ;kmntfdf 5' . clxn] t dnfO{
cfkm" g} cfˆgf nflu k"0f{ 5' h:tf] nfU5 . slxn]sfFxL of] s'/fn] o'jsdfly cfsif{0f gxf]nf eGg] klg
5 . of] s'/fn] 8/ nfU5 .Ú
pgn]
cfkm"n] s/f]8f}+ ;DklQ ePsf] k'?if grflxPsf] atfOg\ . pgsf cg';f/ of]
If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfdfly ;Ddfg ug]{ k'?if pgnfO{ rflxPsf] 5 . …!÷@ dlxgfdf 3/
cfpFbf klg s;}n] k|Zg u¥of] eg] Tof] dnfO{ dg kb}{g, d]/f] >Ldfg\ dnfO{
j'‰g] x'g'k¥of]Ú sfsL{n] elgg\ .
lk|o+sfsf
cg';f/ clxn] k|ljlwn] dflg;nfO{ km/flsnf] agfOlbPsf] 5 . elgg\ …Pp6} kf6L{df
k'u]sf ;fyLefO{ klg df]afOndf c?;Fu Rof6 ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . clxn] t
>Ldfg\–>LdtL ePklg cGo @÷# hgf;Fu k|]d e}/x]sf] x'G5 . d'6' ;fl6Psf] x'G5
.Ú cd]l/sf a:bf pgn] o:tf s'/f w]/} b]v]sL lyOg\ . s] of] nt pgnfO{ klg nfUof]
t <
5f]6s/L
;dfrf/
tflnd ;DkGg
8f]6Lsf] af;'b]jL ufla;sf dlxnfx?sf nflu tLg lbg] dlxnf g]t[Tj
lasf; tflnd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
ufpF
lasf; ;ldltsf ;xn]vfkfn 8Dd/nfn e§n] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ cfly{s jif{
@)&@÷)&# sf] dlxnf nlIft sfo{qmdaf6 pQm tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] .
z'qmjf/ b]lv cfO{tjf/;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] tflnddf k|To]s j8faf6 tLg hgfsf b/n]
@& hgf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
o:t}
;f]djf/b]lv afnaflnsfx?sf nflu b'O{ lbg] g]t[Tj lasf; tflnd ;'? ePsf] ufpF
lasf; ;ldltsf ;fdflhs kl/rfns la/jxfb'/ s'Fj/n] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g . pQm tflnd
d+unjf/ ;DkGg x'g]5 .
xl;ofn] xfgL xTof
8f]6Lsf] dxfb]a:yfg ufla;df Ps hgfsf] xl;of k|xf/ u/L xTof ul/Psf]
5 .
dxfb]j:yfg
ufla;–* :ofpn]sf @$ aifL{of /0faxfb'/ /f]sfofsf] ;f]xL 7fpFsf ledaxfb'/
/f]sfofn] xl;of k|xf/ u/L xTof u/]sf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Ln] hfgsf/L
lbPsf] 5 .
d[ts
3/df k'u]sf ledaxfb['/n] ;fdfGo lajfb ePkl5 3/af6 xl;of NofP/ /0faxfb'/sf] xTof
u/]sf x'g . wfl/nf] xltof/ k|xf/af6 ulDe/ 3fO{t] ePsf /f]sfofsf] pkrf–/sf nflu
sf]xnk'/ n}hfFb} ubf{ af6f]df d[To' ePsf] xf] .
n]v
s0ff{nLdf e]l6Psf] hf]8L / d]/f] b]z
>Lk|;fb b]asf]6f
;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbaf6 vl6Psf] 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ udu9Laf6 tfNrf
ljdfg:yn k|:yfgsf lglDt hLksf] k|ltIffdf ple/fv]sf] lyPF . sl/a rf/ 306fsf]
k|ltIffk|lt :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf sl/a kfFr lsnf]ld6/ sRrL ;8s
ofqfsf nflu $ xhf/df hLksf] Joj:yf eof] . To; kZrft\ xfdLn] ofqf ;'? u¥of}+ .
sl/j b'O{ ldg]6sf] ofqfkl5 ;8ssf] b]a|] 5]pdf cGbfhL #) jif]{ o'jsn] hLk /f]Sg
cfu|x u/] . rfnsn] hLk /f]Sb} eg] of] l/he{ uf8L xf], tkfFO{nfO{ nUg ;lSbFg .
ha d]/f cfFvf To; o'jssf] k5fl8 vfnL v'§fdf ;8ssf] lsgf/df 9'Ëfdf a;]/ aRrfnfO{
b"w r';fO/x]sL o'jtLdfly k'Uof], d hLkaf6 em/]+ / yk hfgsf/L lnPF .
tLg
lbgcl3 b'O{ jif]{ afnssf] v'§f efFlrPsf]
/x]5 . ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / oftfoftsf] pknJwtf gePsf sf/0f b'O{ lbgsf]
lg/Gt/ lxF8fOaf6 of] hf]8L d'u'sf] ;b/d'sfd udu8Ldf cl3Nnf] /ft cfOk'u]sf] /x]5
. 5f]/fsf] pkrf/sf nflu g]kfnu~h hfg'kg]{ s'/f tL o'jsn] ;'gfP . xfdLn] Tof] hf]8LnfO{ hLkdf /fv]/ ;Fu} ljdfg:ynlt/ k'¥ofOlbof}+ .
s/Lj
laxfgsf] bz ah]sf] lyof] xfdL ljdfg:yn k'Ubf . k|fs[lts jftfj/0f, hxfh sDkgL /
6«fen sDkgLsf 7]s]bf/ / bnfnsf e/df p8fg e/ kg]{ s'/f :yfgLoaf;Ln] vfgf vfg] ;dodf xfdLnfO{ ;'gfP
. To;kZrft\ d]/f] ;f]rfO Tof] b'Ojif]{ aRrfdf tNnLg lyof] . l56f] p8fgsf] sfdgf
d]/f] cGt/dgn] ul//x]sf] lyof] . If0f If0fdf df};d ablnO/x]sf] lyof] . o;}jLr
p8fg /2 ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lx?n] atfP . em08} rf/306f tfNrf ljdfg:yndf latfPkl5
To;sf] s/Lj Ps 306fkl5 df};ddf ;'wf/ cfpg] / g]kfnu~haf6 uf]df / tf/f sDkgLsf]
hxfh ljdfg:ynsf cfpg] sd{rf/Lx?n] atfP . em08} kfFrj6f hxfhsf] p8fgn] ;d]6\g
g;Sg] ofq'x?jLr l6s6sf nflu xfgfyfksf] l:ylt l;h{gf eof] .
s/Lj
To;sf] cfwf 306fkl5 tf/f sDkgLsf] p8fg /2 ePsf] va/ cfof] . ofq'x?aLr l6s6sf
lglDt km]l/ 3D;f3D;L ;'? eof] . ;a} ofq'x? cf–cfˆgf] /fhg}lts / cfly{s zlQm
l6s6 k|flKtsf lglDt k|of]u ul//x]sf] ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsGYof] . t/, 5f]/fsf] pkrf/sf
lglDt # lbgb]lv k}bn lxF8]/ cfPsf] Tof] hf]8Lsf] g t sf]xL g]tf lyP, g sf]xL
gftf . g t pgLx?;Fu cfly{s ;Ifdtf g} lyof] . Tof] hf]8Ln] cfˆgf] ljjztf ;'gfpg]
lxDdt klg ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg .
of] ;a}
jftfj/0fnfO{ lgofln/x]sf d]/f cfFvfsf] w}o{tfsf] afFw 6'l6;s]sf] lyof] . tTsfn
ToxfF pkl:yt ;'/IffsdL{, hxfh sDkgL / 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ d}n] d]/f]
kl/ro / Tof] hf]8Lsf] ljjztf ;a} ;'gfPF . /, pgLx?sf] l6s6sf] lglDt nfdf]
;do;Dd cg'/f]w u/]+ . cGttM Pp6f dfq l6s6 k|fKt eof], h;n] ubf{ afnssf lktf
pkrf/sf lglDt kTgL;Fu} c:ktfn hfg kfPgg\ . cf}krfl/s lzIffsf gfddf s'g} klg tx
gk9]sL tL o'jtL PSn} hxfh rl9g\ uxel/ cfFz' kfb}{ pgsf cfFvfn] s'g} kl/kSj cleefjssf]
vf]hL ul//x]sf] dx;'; d]/f cfFvfn] u/] . t/, Pp6fdfq} l6s6 pknJw u/fpg ;s]sf]df
d]/f] dgn] pgL;Fu dfkm dflu/x]sf] lyof] .
:d/0f
eP;Dd afNosfndf g} kSsL /fhdfu{sf] cg'ej ;+ufn]sf] d #) jif{sf] pQ/fw{df
klxnf]k6s s0ff{nL l5/]sf] lyPF . sf7df08f}+df lbgxF' s0ff{nLsf] lasf;sf] lglDt
kfFrtf/] xf]6]n / Joj:yflksf ;f+;bdf g]tfHo"x?sf] rsf]{ efif0f ;'g]sf]
lyPF . cl3Nnf g]kfnL cfw'lgs g]kfnL /fhgLlt1sf] cg'ej ug{ gkfPsf] d}n] kl5Nnf]
bz jif]{ hgo'4, dw];, cflbaf;L OToflb cfGbf]ngsf] k|ToIf cg'ej u/]sf] lyPF / nfu]sf]
lyof], ;fFlRrs} oL cfGbf]ngx?n] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
hghLljsfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf 5g\ .
ljz]iftM
kl5Nnf cfGbf]ngn] ljsf;df lk5l8Psf hgtfsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] d]/f]
a'emfO lyof] . t/, s0ff{nLsf] d]/f] of] ofqfn] d]/f] a'emfOnfO{ unt ;fljt
ul/lbof] .
cfh
g]kfndf u0ftGq cfPsf] 5 . hftL, efifL, lnËsf] cf/If0fdf /fi6«kltb]lv /fHosf
ljleGg tx;Dd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj b]lvG5 . ckm;f]r, rfx] k|hftGq xf];, rfx]
u0ftGq . lxhf]s} zf;s kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] cfhsf] u0ftGqdf ljleGg kf6L{sf gfpFdf
s]lG›s[t zf;g u/]sf 5g\ .
sd{rf/L
;?jf–a9'jf / kbk"lt{df /fhg}ltsjfbn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 .
/fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts cfly{s / wfld{s kIfnfO{ /fhg}lts xltof/
agfP/ b]znfO{ hftLo tyf wfld{s åGådf ws]ln/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} /fhg}lts kf6L{ / JolQmut OR5fdf k|b]zx?sf]
;Ldf+sg / gfdf+sgdf c8lsPsf] 5 . bf]iff/f]k0fdf qmflGtsf/L / k|ltqmflGtsf/L
eGg]x? ;/sf/df ldnLldnL b]z n'l6/x]sf
5g\ . k|ltkIfL kf6L{ / To;sf] g]t[Tjn] l5d]sLsf] 9fn ag]/ g]t[Tj u/]sf] 5 . emG8} Ps jif{ laTg nfu]sf] dw];
cfGbf]ng :jb]zL / ljb]zL OR5f / Ozf/fdf sf7df08f}+ / t/fO{nfO{ 5'§fpg rfxG5g\ .
;+3Lotfsf
;jfndf y'k|} k|Zgx? plAhPsf 5g, r'Rr] / y]Kr], sfnf] / uf]/f], lxGb' /
d'l:ndaLrsf] n8fOF ;+3Lotfsf] ;+/rgf xf] / < cf/If0fsf gfddf ;'hftf /
ljBfb]jLx? sf7df08f}+df /fh ug]{, t/ d'u'sf /fdaxfb'/ / Zofdaxfb'/n] xnf]
hf]Tg'kg]{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ax; oxL xf] / < To:t} sf7df08f}+sf g]jf/ /
sf:sLsf u'?Ë bfOnfO{ g]jf/ / td'jfg /fHo grflxg] -k|r08, cf]nL / s];L_ sf7df08f}+df
a;L hftLo /fHosf] ;+3Lotfsf] rflxg] grflxg] ax; ug]{ oxL xf] hftLo /fHosf]
cfjZostf <
cfwf
306fdf @%) ?k}ofF ltbf{ Knf:6/ x'g] v'§f tLg lbgsf] k}bn lx8fOF / nfvf}+
?k}ofFsf] vr{df s0ff{nLaf;Lsf] v'§fsf] Knf:6/sf] /sdn] ;dfa];L /fHosf] ax;nfO{
Gofo b]nf / < o:t} ax;x? clxn]sf] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL /fhgLltdf plAhPsf 5g\ .
b]zsf] ljsf;eGbf klg ljgfztkm{ clxn]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf] lqmofsnfk b]lvG5 .
b]z abNg] /fhgLlt cfh o'jfx?sf nflu 3[0ff aGb}5 . To:t} u/L /fhg}lts bnx?sf]
u}//fhg}lts rl/qsf sf/0f o'jf hgzlQm lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzb}5g\ . o;n]
afnaRrf, j[4f tyf e|i6x?sf] cv8f aGb}5 b]z . b}lgs xhf/f+} ;+Vofdf o'jf hgzlQm
;:tf] tyf hf]lvdk"0f{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ljb]lzPsf] /]s8{ ljleGg ;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] b]vfpF5 .
;Fu;Fu}
k|To]s lbg g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] ljb]zL e"lddf d[To' ePsf] / dfl/Psf] ;dfrf/
b}lgs kqklqsfsf] x]8nfOg / /]l8of] 6]lnlehgsf] ˆNof; Go"hdf ;'Gg / b]Vg
;lsG5 . t/, ltg} ljb]lzPsfx?n] sdfPsf] k};f;Fu /ut ;f6]sf o'jfx?n] k7fPsf] /]ld6fG;df /fhg}lts e|i6frf/
df}nfpFbf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ o'jfx? ljb]lzg] / pgLx?sf >LdtL Pj+ afnaRrf ;x/lt/
a;fOF ;g]{, a'9f af–cfdfn] ufpFa:tL s'g]{ cfhsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{tf xf] .
Ps
z}lIfs o'jssf] x}l;otn] ca eGg}k5{, xfdLnfO{ g]kfnL–g]kfnLjLrdf Pstf Nofpg]
Joj:yf rflxPsf] 5 . t/fO{sf] udL{df tl8\kPsf] yf?nfO{ lr;f] kfgL lbg] lxdfnL
z]kf{ / hf8f]df s7fFlu|Psf] z]kf{nfO{ Gofgf] sk8f lbg] t/fO{sf] yf?nfO{ hf]8\g]
/fHo xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] 5 . v'§f efFlrPsf] 5f]/fsf] Ps 306fdf pkrf/ ug]{
;'–Joj:yf;lxtsf] /fHo rflxPsf] 5 . d]/f]
ljrf/df wfld{s / hftLo cfGbf]ng x}g, juL{o cfGbf]ngsf] cfjZostf 5 . /fHosf]
ljljwtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] cj/f]w g;lDemsg ;|f]t / ;fwgsf ?kdf k|of]u u/L ;d'Ggt ;dfh
rflxPsf] 5 .
ha;Dd
hgtfsf] b}lgs hLjgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsFb}g, ta;Dd h'g;'s} /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngn]
k|fKt u/]sf /fhg}lts pknlAwx? rfx] k|hftGq xf]:f\, jf u0ftGq, Tof] ;+:yfut / ;fy{s
x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf/0f d'Vo clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] cfly{s ljsf; xf] . lj1fg /
k|ljlwn] ;a} cfjZos ;fwgx? ahf/df pknJw u/fPsf] 5 . vfFrf] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lsGg
;Sg] agfpg' xf] . ha;Dd cfly{s?kdf JolQm ;DkGg x'g ;Sb}g, ta;Dd b]zdf
a]/f]huf/L åGå / lje]b sfod} /xG5 . o;sf/0f xfd|f] b]zsf] kl/j]zdf s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f, z}lIfs
o'jfx?df /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]G6L Pj+ c;fIf/ o'jfx?nfO{ Joj;flos tflnd lbO{
cfTdlge{/ agfpg' clxn]sf] xfd|f] cfjZostf xf] .
o;sf
;fy;fy} :jb]zd} gLlh If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfpg' /fHosf]
pQ/bfloTj xf] / :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ljb]lzPsf] s/Lj ^)
nfv hgzlQm g]kfn kmsf{pg ;Sg' cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;}n]
/fi6« ljsf;sf nflu tkfO{ xfdL cfh}af6 lxdfnL, kxf8L, dw]zL s]xL klg gegL xfdL ;a}
g]kfnL egL cufl8 a9f}+ . o;df g} JolQm /
/fi6«sf] eljZo 5 .
udu8Ldf
e]l6Psf] hf]8Lsf] j]bgfn] oxL eG5 .
cgnfO{g
vj/af6
df]km;n kqsfl/tf
;~rf/dfWodx? bnsf d'vkq ag]sf 5g
;lnd cg;f/L -k|wfg–;Dkfbs_
pHofnf]
nflN6g 86sd, Ko'7fg
tkfO{+sf] k'/f kl/ro kfpF g <
K d ;lnd cg;f/L, blIf0fL Ko'7fgsf] x+;k'/af6 lg/Gt/
kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf] 5' . df]km;nsf xfdL s]xL kqsf/x?sf] ;xsfo{df s]xL dlxgf
cl3b]lv pHofnf] nflN6g cgnfOg rnfO/x]sf 5f}+
. To:sf] d k|wfg ;Dkfbs x'+ . Ko'7fg lhNnf cf;kf;sf s]xL ;~rf/dfWod
afx]s /fhwfgLaf6 k|sflzt k|efj /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfdf sfo{/t 5' .
tkfO{n]
lsg kqsfl/tf k]zf /f]Hg' eof] <
K ;dfh ?kfgt/0fsf] cleofgdf ;l/s x'g] p2]Zo af]s]/ d
o; If]qdf nfu]sf] x'F .
slt ;do
eof] o; k]zfdf nfu]sf] <
K d}n] @)^$ b]lv
kqsfl/tf ug{ yfn]sf] x'F . clxn] nueu ( aif{ k'u]5 . cem} klg ofqf hf/L
g} 5 egf} .
s:tf]
vfnsf] kqsfl/tf ug{ ?rfpg' x'G5 <
K ;dfh;+u hf]l8Psf d'4f / vf]hd'ns hf] gful/s;+u a9L
;/f]sf/ /fVb5g To:tf laifodf snd rnfpg ?rfpF5' .
kqsfl/tfdf
t w]/} ;d:ofx? 5g eG5g lg, s:tf vfnsf ;d:ofx? kfpg' eof] tkfFOn] <
K df]km;ndf sfd ug]{ kqsf/x?sf] cj:yf bogLo 5, h'g
eg]/ ;fWo g} 5}g . cfkm" hn]/ c?nfO{ pHofnf] lbg] d}gaQLsf] e"ldsf
lgaf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g . pgLx?n] g} >dsf] d"No kfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\
. ldl8of xfp;n] lgo'lQmkq glbFbf a]tnjL
sfd ug{'kg]{ ca:yf 5 . lgo'lQmkq a'em]sf klg ;~rf/dfWoddf sfd ug]{ kl/>dLsf]
lgo'lQm, P]gdf pNn]v ePsf ;]jf ;'lawfx? kfpg g;Sbf sltkosf] hLjg rnfpg} ;d:of 5
. cGo If]qsf cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f, bdg nufotsf va/ ;fa{hlgs ug]{ kqsf/x?
cfkm} >dzf]if0fsf] l;sf/ aGg'k/]sf] 5 . o4lk d :jo+ klg oL ;d:ofaf6 u'h|]sf]
5' .
Ko'7fg
lhNnfdf s:tf] kfpg' eof] <
K Ko'7fgdf ;+VofTds ;~rf/ If]qdf j[l4 t eof] t/
u'0ffTds eg] cln sd 5 . ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 t/ u'0ffTdstf lubf]{ 5 . oxfF df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t kqsfl/tfsf] lasf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . b]vfl;lssf] kqsfl/tf 5 . kqsfl/tfdf
laifosf] ;dfa]zL–s/0f a9]sf] kSs} xf] . kqsf/;Dd laifosf] kx'Fr Tolt ;xh gePklg
lg/f; x'g'kg]{ l:ylt 5}g . dflnssf]
rfs8Ls} e/df ul/g] sl7t kqsfl/tfn] >d u/]/ sfd ug]{ kqsf/nfO{ x'TofOlbPsf] 5
. ;dfh / gful/ssf nflu ;]jfefjn] sfd ug]{ kqsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaf6
al~rt u/]/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf h;/L g]kfnL ;~rf/ hutdf 8/nfUbf] ;d:of ePsf] 5 .
To;}sf] c;/ oxfF klg b]lvPsf] 5 eGg] nfU5 . o;sf] rk]6fdf lhNnfdf u|fdL0f
If]qdf a;]/ kqsfl/tf ug]{ kqsf/x? a9L 5g . cem 8/nfUbf] ul/ /fhgLlts bnsf gfddf
:yflkt ;+3 ;+u7gaf6 kqsf/ kqsf/ lar lsQfsf6sf] ca:yf ;[hgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
df]km;n
kqsfl/tfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] s:tf lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg' knf{
<
K ;~rf/ hutnfO{ ;/sf/ /fHosf] rf}yf] cË eGg] ub{5 .
t/ Aojxf/ To:tf] vfnsf] 5}g . /fHo kqsf/x?sf] xsdf pbfl;g 5 eGbf Tolt cfklQ
gxf]nf . /fHon] kqsfl/tf If]qnfO{ Aojl:yt / dof{lbt ug{ eg]/ ;+/lrt ul/Psf
laefu jf ;+/rgfx? klg cfjZostf eGbf a9L /fhgLlts k|efjdf kg'{n] ;d:of k}bf
ePsf] xf] . ;/sf/n] h'g P]g hf/L u¥of], To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg' d'Vo ;d:of
xf] . ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go'gtd kfl/>ldsnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug{' h?/L 5
. cfrf/;+lxtf lakl/t sfd ug]{ h'g;'s} ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ sfg'gL sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg' k5{ . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;~rf/dfWoddf sfd u/]sf c:yfoL kqsf/nfO{ k|s[of k'¥ofO
:yfoL ul/g'k5{ . To;kl5 dfq kqsf/n] cfˆgf] ;Ddfg cfkm}af6 ePsf] dx;'; ug]{ 5g .
kqsf/x?sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu s8f Aoj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
df]km;ndf
sfd ug]{ kqsf/x?sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3n] slQsf] e"ldsf
v]n]sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
K g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3n] >dlhjL g]kfnL kqsf/x?sf]
;femf ;+:yf x'g'sf] gftfn] kqsf/x?sf xs lxt / clwsf/sf nflu ;/sf/ nufotsf
;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ 3R3rfpg] sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] h:tf kxn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of]
lgs} /fd|f] s'/f klg xf] t/ klg clxn] g} ;Gt'li6 e}xfNg] ca:yf eg] 5}g .
;~rf/sdL{x?sf
a}rfl/s ;+u7gx?n] df]km;n kqsf/sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu s:tf] e'ldsf v]n]sf]
kfpg'x'G5 <
K kqsf/sf a}rfl/s ;+3–;+u7gx?n] k];fut eGbf klg
/fhgLlts e"ldsfnfO{ dxTjk'0f{ dfGb5g . pgLx?nfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] eGbf klg
kf6L{sf] lrGtf x'G5 . larf/ / cf:yfsf sf/0f slxn]sfFxL df]km;nsf ;~rf/dfWod tyf
;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ cf]em]ndf kfg]{ u/]sf 5g . af:tjdf kqsfl/tf hgtfsf nflu xf] .
Pp6f kqsf/ g} bnLo /fhgLltdf nfUbf /fhgLltsf sf/0f kqsfl/tfsf] d"No
dfGotf;+u} cfrf/;+lxtfsf] klg nf]k x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;~rf/dfWodx? bnsf d'vkq
ag]sf 5g .
tkfOsf]
ljrf/df kqsfl/tf s] xf] <
K af:tjdf kqsfl/tf ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] . hf] ;dfh /
;d'bfo;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . h;n]
b'lgofFsf] va/ u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf / ;d'bfosf va/ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf, ;d'bfosf
ultlalw b'lgofFe/L k'¥ofpF5 . kqsfl/tf If]q ;dfh kl/at{gsf nflu Pp6f cfwf/lznf
tyf lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ dof{lbt k]zf xf] .
slt
sdfpg' eof] t kqsfl/tf k]zfjf6 <
K kqsfl/tf ;]jf xf], wd{ xf] . ;]jf / wd{sf] k|ltkmn
s] xf] < cfh;Dd d}n] kfPsf] kf7ssf] dfof g} d]/f] sdfO xf] .
g]kfnsf]
kqsfl/tf If]q lbgk|ltlbg ab\gfldt x'Fb} uPsf] 5, kf7s ju{n] ;dfrf/sf]
laZjf;gLotfk|lt k|Zg p7fpg yfn]sf 5g, ;~rf/sdL{x? klg u}/ sfg'gL
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf 5g eGg] cf/f]k klg nfUg yfn]sf] 5, tkfO{nfO{ s] nfU5
<
K ;lx / dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn p7fg ug{' ef], slxF st}
of] k|a[lt klg b]vfkg]{ u/]sf 5g . kqsfl/tf If]q cfu|x k"af{u|xaf6 d'Qm
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cem nx8sf e/df kqsfl/tfdf k|a]z u/]sf AolQmx?n] lglxt :jfy{sf
cfwf/df laifoa:t' p7fg u/]s} sf/0f of] k]zf ablgot aGb} uPsf] cj:yf klg g/x]sf]
xf]Og . kqsf/ klg olx ;dfhsf ;b:o x'g . ;dfh / ;d'bfonfO{ ;sf/fTds dfu{df
lx8fpg e"ldsf lgaf{x ug{'kg]{ kqsf/x? cfkm}n] ;d:of lgDtfpg' / unt
uf]nrSs/df km:bf kqsfl/tf dfyL g} sfnf]
wAaf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . of] lgtfGt unt k|a[lt xf] .
tkfO{ t
nfUg' ef 5}g\ xf]nf lg o:tf s'/fdf .
K cfTd;fFIfL /fv]/ af]n]sf] 5', cfkm+} of] If]qdf
cga/t ofqf u/]sf] em08} Ps bzs lat]sf] 5 . cfhsf] lbg;Dd o:tf] l:ylt l;h{gf
u/]sf] 5}g / ef]nL klg of] k|a[lt ckgfOb}g . dnfO{ Pp6f kqsf/ s:tf] x'g'k5{ of]
k]zf ul//xFbf p;sf] sfd st{Jo lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj s] xf] eGg] s'/fdf d ;r]t 5' .
d]/f va/x? g} o;sf ultnf k|df0f x'g .
df]km;n
kqsfl/tf If]qdf ;'wf/sf nflu tkfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s] ;'emfj lbg rfxfg'x'G5
<
K ;~rf/dfWod AolQmsf eGbf ;dfh / /fi6«sf x'g .
logLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj klg /fHo s} xf] . To;}n] df]km;nsf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{
s;/L hf]ufpg ;lsG5 eGg] tkm{ uDeL/ x'g' h?/L 5 . sfplG;n / dxf;+3n] klg
df]km;nsf ldl8ofsf ;d:of kqsf/sf ;d:of /fHo:t/df k'¥ofpg] / ldl8of d}qL gLlt
lgdf{0f ug{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ .
cGTodf
eGg} kg]{ s'g} s'/f 5'6] h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 ls <
K cfd ;~rf/sdL{ ;dfhsf ;xhstf{, ;r]ts / P]gf x'g .
To;}n] kqsf/ :jtGq x'g' h?/L 5 . d}n] kqsf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] dof{bfnfO{ s]G›df
/fv]/ larf/ k]z u/]sf] x'F . oBkL of] ax; / 5nkmnsf] laifo xf] g} . ;fy}
xh'/x?sf] of] nf]slk|o klqsf dfkm{t d]/f s'/fx? k|:t't ug]{ ca;/ lbg'ePsf]df
laDa g]kfnL ;fKtflxs / tkfOsf] lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' .
nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] tof/Lsf nflu pkof]uL
!= Blue Dollar, Red Dollar, White dollar and
Petro Dollar eg]sf] s] xf] <
— Blue Dollar : v'nf cfsfzdf e"–pku|xsf] k|If]k0f u/]/ ef8fsf
?kdf jf ljqmL u/L k|fKt x'g] ljb]zL d'b|f cyf{t v'nf cfsfzaf6 ;]jf, ;'ljwf
k'¥ofP jfkt k|fKt x'g] ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ Blue Dollar elgG5
.
Red dollar M tTsflng ;f]leot ;+3 tyf kIf /fi6«x?df ;femf ?kdf
kl/rfng ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] d'b|fnfO{ Red dollar elgG5
.
White Dollar M hnljB't / kfgL lgof{t u/]/ cfh{g ljb]zL
d'b|fnfO{ a'lemG5 .
Petro doller M k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ lgof{t u/]/ cfh{g u/]sf]
d'b|fnfO{ a'lemG5 .
@= Brain Drain eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
—
t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L cfly{s nfesf nflu tyf cGo lsl;dsf ;'ljwfx?sf] nflu ljz]if u/L
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf j}1flgs, O{lGhlgo/, 8fS6/ tyf laz]if1x?, j'l4lhjLx? cGo
b]zdf knfog x'g] kl/kf6LnfO{ k|ltef knfog (Brain
Drain) elgG5 . k|ltef knfogn] ubf{ wlg / ul/a /fi6«x? larsf] vf8n a9L/x]sf] 5
. Brain Drain sf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ klg
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x? cfTd lge{/ x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ / ljsf;df k5fl8 kb}{ uPsf 5g\ .
#= lu|g
a]N6 df]ed]G6 eg]sf] (Green Belt Movement) sf]
;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
—
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ;g\ !(&& b]lv clkm|sL /fi6« s]GofsL k|l;4
jftfj/0flab\ dyfOn] dlxnfx?nfO{ dfq ;xefuL u/fO j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ tyf h+un km8fgL
/]Sg] p2]Zon] s]Gofdf ;~rfng u/]sf] cleofgnfO{ g} lu|g a]N6 df]ed]G6 elgG5 .
k|To]s cfdfn] cfˆgf aRrf / lj?jfnfO{ a/fa/ ddtf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
of] cleofg ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . j[Iff/f]k0f / jg ;+/If0fsf nflu hg ;xeflutfsf]
kl/rfngaf6 pNn]Vo ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] pSt cleofgnfO{
ljZjsf cGo /fi6«x?df ;d]t cjnDag ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
$=
Ol;df]8 (ICIMOD) sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
—
cGt/fli6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| (International
Centre for Integrated Mountaineering Devlopment) sf] 5f]6s/Ldf gfd g}
Ol;df]8 xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*# l8;]Da/ % df sf7df08f}+df ePsf] xf] . o;
;+:yfdf lxGbs'z kj{tLo If]qsf * /fi6«x? ckmufgl:tfg, kfls:tfg, ef/t, g]kfn, rLg
e'6fg a+unfb]z / Dofgdf/ k5{g . o; s]Gb|sf k|d'v p2]Zo lxGbs'z lxdfnosf
b]zx?jLr cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo b[li6af6 pko'St x'g] lasf; sfo{nfO{ 6]jf lbO{ o;
If]qsf] cfly{s l:ylt clea[l4 ug'{ xf] . of] ;+:yfnO{ :jL6h/Nof08n, hd{gL /
o'g]:sf] h:tf /fi6« tyf ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ .
%=
k[YjL ;Dd]ngsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
— /fi6«;+3Lo
jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP) sf] cfof]hgfdf a|flhnsf] l/of]
b h]g]l/of]df ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$ ;Dd ePsf] jftfj/0f ;DalGw ;Dd]ngnfO{ k[YjL
;Dd]ng (Eart Summit) elgG5 .
— of]
ljZjsf] xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;Dd]ng xf] . Psdfq k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ / pkof]u
u/f}+ eGg] gf/f /x]sf] of] ;Dd]ngdf
laZjsf] !&* /fi6«sf /fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqL nufot pRr:t/Lo k|ltlglw
d08nsf #%)) k|ltlglw tyf &)) /fi6«;+3Lo kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . of] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 tTsflng k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O{/fnfn]
efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf xl/tu[x k|efj ;lGw kl/t ug'{sf] ;fy} h'g *
nfO{ ;d'Gb| lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] jftfj/0f
;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf @%)) ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]mngdf ljZjsf !%@
/fi6«x?n] ljZjdf b'n{e xF'b} uPsf] lj?jf / hLjhGt' ;+/If0f ;DalGw h}las ljljwtf
;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . k[YjL ;Dd]ngn] lgDg lnlvt $ d'ne't ljifox? kfl/t
u/]sf] lyof] M
s_
h}ljs ljljwtf
v_
Ph]08f @!
u_
df};d kl/jt{g
3_
jg;+/If0f ;DalGw l;4fGt
a:t'ut
k|Zgx?
!=
s[lif tyf ag lj1fg ljZjljBfnon] b]zdf klxnf] lj1fg s]G› sxfF :yfkgf ug]{ ePsf]
5 < — bfdg, dsjfgk'/
@=
lj=;+ @)&! df cflbjf;L /fi6« uf}/j k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|bfg ul/of] <
— 8f=
xs{ u'?ª / Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª
#=
kfFrf} /fli6«o nlntsnf k|bz{gL slxn] cfof]hgf ul/g] ePsf] 5 <
— lj=;+
@)&@ j}zfv @ b]vL h]7 @ ;Dd
$=
lj=;+ @)&! r}q @) df a;]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ a}7sn] s'g lbgnfO{ pBf]u lbj;sf
?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] <
— d+l;/
( ut]
%=
blIf0fL ;'8fgn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] !(# cf}+ ;b:osf] ?kdf slxn] ;b:otf k|fKt
u¥of] < — ;g\ @)!! h'nfO{ ( df .
;|f]t ;+sns M /fd
lai6
;flxTo÷;[hgf
ofdL
;+;f/df km"nx? lglh x'b}gg
ofdL,
s'g
km"nsf] /+uLg xfF;f] kf] ca}w
x'G5 /
< d/]sf dfG5]x?sf] ofb
36]/
hfG5 eG5g\ ;':t ;':t
s] d
klg dl/;s]F <
gq lsg
36fof} d]/f] ;Demgfx? .
x'/Ln]
xNnfPsf] afF; h:tf]
hldgd}
6]s]/ klg v'§fx? – lsg xNnL/x]sf] 5' o;/L <
ofdL,
v8]/Lsf]
v]t h:tf] cfkm}df lsg kmf6]sf] 5' <
ltdLnfO{
lj;]{/
dflg;x?
klg dflg; nfUb}gg\ of/ zx/df
t/
ltdLnfO{ ;Dem]/ au/ d} lx8\bf klg
lsg
d':s'/fp5g\ 9"+ufx? o;/L <
;dosf]
of] s'g ltyL xf] <
rG›df
lsg l9nf] pbfof] d]/f] hLjgsf] cfsfzdf <
kx]Fnf]
kft t d klg x'F
t/ l6K5
s;}n] Tof] km"n eg]/ lrGtf nfU5
6'l6
;s]sf] tf/f t d klg x'F
t/ 8'A5
Tof] 3fd eg]/ b'Mv nfU5
ofdL
xfdL t
ge]l6Fb} 5'l§;s]sf /x]5f} .
l/Qf]
leQf sf]tb}{ lrRofP/ /fte/
gkmls{bf]
/x]5 aUb} u/]sf] ltd|f] dgsf] gbL
cr]n
cfpb}gf} eGg] hfg]/}
lbge/
rf}sdf
ltdLnfO{ klv{g dg nfU5
of] dg
?vsf
kft kftdf clNemG5 cr]n
kfgL
kfgL eP/ aU5
To;}n]
cfF;' / kfgLdf km/s nfUb}g .
ofdL
ltd|f]
/x/sf gx/x?df lsg ;+Unf] kfgL aUb}g
;DaGwsf]
v/fgL
pkxf/
gk7fpg' d]/f] d[To'sf] hGdlbgdf
a?
cfkm}nfO{ ;DxfNg] Pp6f ;'Gb/ sf/fuf/ agfpg'
lk|o
r+uf
ltdLnfO{
d af6 6'6]/ s'g cUnfO{ r'Dg' 5 / <
glag clenfifL
/]l8of] dWoklZrd, bfË
k/]nLn] gfgL 5f]kL ;s] d]/f
cf]5\ofgdf
sf]N6] k/]s} 5' ..
sfgn]
;'Gg 5f]l8;s] d]/f
t/
ltd|f] tl:a/ b]v]s}5' ..
aU5g
cfF;' la:t/fdf aU5g cfF;' s'jf ;/L
t/ klg
d}n] s7Lg /ft sf6]s} 5' ..
ltdL
;DemL ;kgfdf aa{/fpbf
5ftL
leql;/fgLnfO{ /fv]s} 5' ..
la5f]8sf]
a]bgfdf 56\k6fpb}
lbg /
/ft o;/L g} sf6]s} 5' ..
ltd|f]
ofbdf e]6 x'g] lbg ;DemL
knkn
38L ;dodf afFr]s} 5' ..
lIflth
kf/L jh]n x'bfF klg
cem}
e]6 x'g] ld7f] cfzf u/]s} 5' ..
;+;f/ s'df/ zfxL …efa'sÚ
h'sf]6–$ afh'/f,
xfn–;'b"/klZrd k[tgf x]8Sjf6/ lbkfon
;"rgf÷;Gb]z÷la1fkg
lhNnf c:ktfn, 8f]6Lsf] Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg s]Gb|jf6
k|bfgul/g] ;]jfx?
:jf:Yo
;]jf
¨ lx+;f
lkl8tsf] :jf:Yo ;DjlGw ljj/0f ;+sng, k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/, clen]vLs/0f, zf/Ll/s
hfFr / gd'gf ;+sng ug]{
¨ zf/Ll/s
rf]6k6ssf] pkrf/ tyf lrlsT;fhGo hfFr ug]{
¨ sfg'gL
k|df0fsf nflu :jf:Yo, ljlw lj1fg tyf lrlsT;f ;DjlGw sfg'gL k/LIf0f ug]{÷u/fpg]
¨ of}g
hGo ;+qmd0fsf] pkrf/ ug]{
¨ zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s Pj+ dgf];fdflhs ljdz{sf nflu l:qmlgª ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
¨ ue{
k/LIf0f tyf cfsl:ds ue{ lg/f]ws ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
¨ ;'/lIft
ue{ktg ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
¨ x]kf6fO{l6;
lj jf6 jrfj6 ug]{
¨ cfjZostf
cg';f/sf] k|]if0f / cGo ;]jfx? pknJw u/fpg]
dgf];fdflhs
k/fdz{
¨ n}+lus
lx+;f lkl8t k/fdz{ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]
¨ cfjZostfsf
cfwf/df lk8snfO{ ;d]t dgf];fdflhs ljdz{÷k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
sfg'gL
k/fdz{ / pkrf/
¨ cfjZostf
cg';f/ lhNnf GofolwjQmf, kf/flnun, sfg'gL k/fdz{bftfsf] ;xof]ujf6 sfg'gL
pkrf/sf] k|lqmof z'? u/fO{ cufl8 j9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
¨ k'g:yf{kgf
¨ lx+;f
lkl8t÷k|efljtnfO{ pkrf/kl5 yk k/fdz{ Pj+ cGo ;]jfsf nflu cNksflng cfjf; tyf
vfgkfgsf] Joj:yf ;lxt ;'/lIft cNksflng ;]jf s]Gb|df /xg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g] 5 .
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, 8f]6L
jN8{ lehg cGt/fli6«o g]kfn 8f]6L, ;dfg kx'Fr lasf; s]Gb| -l;8_ g]kfn,
lhNnf jfn sNof0f ;ldlt / laDa g]kfnL ;fKtflxsåf/f hf/L
afn ;+/If0f ;Gb]z
hf]lvddf k/]sf afnjflnsfx?
hf]lvd cj:yfdf /x]sf jf sl7g kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsf ;dfhdf
;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿af6 kLl8t ePsf JolQmx¿ xg\ . o;y{, hf]lvd cj:yfdf jf sl7g
kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lng' x'b}g . a? s'g} afns jf aflnsfnfO{
To:tf] kl/l:yltdf afFRg afWo kfg{ ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf sf/sx¿nfO{ bfifL 7flgg' kb{5
/ ltgsf] ;Daf]wg ul/g; kb{5 . of] jf:tljstf xf] ls s'g} klg JolQm jf afnaflnsf
cfkm' hf]lvd cj:yfdf jf sl7g kl/l:yltdf afFr' eGg] rfxFb}gg\ . t/ klg sltko
afnaflnsf ;dfhdf ljleGg ¿kaf6 kLl8t x'g k'Ub5g\ . s'g} vf; cj:yf jf kl/l:yltdf
afFRg afWo ePsf x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f hf]lvd cj:yfdf jf sl7g kl/l:yltdf kg'{ s'g}
afns jf aflnsfsf] uNtL xf]Og . g t of] p;sf] :jfefljs 5gf}6 xf] . hf]lvd cj:yf
jf sl7g kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afns jf aflnsfsf] klg xfd|f] 3/ kl/jf/df /x]sf
afnaflnsfsf] h:tf] ;dfg cfjZostf jf clwsf/ x'G5g\, pgLx¿sf efjgfx¿ x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿sf klg hLjg / eljiok|lt cfzf clg ck]Iffx¿ x'G5g\ . ;a afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿
h'g;'s} cj:yf jf kl/l:yltdf afFr]sf ePklg afNosfnsf] ;vb\ cg'ej lng] clwsf/ 5 /
xfdL jo:sx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf ;'vb\ ;'?jftsf nflu d2t ug{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;a}
vfnsf e]befj, b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;f / zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f ug{ pQ/bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 .
;+/If0fsf] hf]lvdL cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oxfFlg/ s] klg a'‰g' cfjZos 5 eg] h'g;'s}
afnaflnsf xf]pmg\, s'g} klg ;do ;+/If0fsf] hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sb5g\ .
g;g]{ /f]u /f]syfd ;DjlGw hfgsf/L
SofG;/,
d'6'/f]u, pRr /Qm rfk, dw'd]x -lrlg/f]u_, hL0f{ Zjf;k|Zjf; cj/f]w ;DjlGw /f]u
h:tf g;g]{ /f]ux? nfUgjf6 jRgsf] nflu lgDg pkfox? ckgfcf}, bL3{ hLjg jfrf}+
¨ r'/f]6,
lj8L, v}gL, u6\sf, ;"lt{ cflb slxNo} ;]jg gu/f} / Tofuf+} .
¨ /lS;,
hfF8 h:tf dlb/fsf] xflgsf/s ;]jg gu/f}+ .
¨ z/L/
;ls|o /fVg] dWod ls|ofsnfkx? h:t}M of]uf, lx88'n ug]{, bf}8g], ;fOsn rnfpg],
kf}8L v]Ng], cflb xNsf kl;gf cfpg] u/L xKtfsf] slDtdf kfFr lbg;Dd sd;]sd #)
ldg]6 lgoldt ?kdf u/f}+ .
¨ z/L/sf]
tf}n jl9 ePdf 36fcf}+ / :j:y tf}n sfod /fvL df]6f]kgf x'g glbcf}+ .
¨ cGg,
bfn, u]8fu'8L, b'w, blx, df5f, jf];f] gePsf] df;', c08f, xl/of] ;fu;JhL /
kmnkm"n ;Gt'lnt ?kdf vfg] u/f}+ .
¨ b}lgs %
u|fd eGbf sd g'g vfg] u/f+}, lrNnf] / jf];f] o'Qm vfg]s'/f sd vfcf}+ .
¨ sf]N8
l8ǻ\S;, u'lnof k]o kbfy{, ld7fO{, rsn]6 h:tf vfg] s'/fx? sd vfg] .
¨ dfgl;s
tgfj / l/; d'Qm /xf}+ .
¨ pRr /Qm
rfk ePdf lgoldt hfFr / pkrf/ u/L lgoGq0f ug]{ .
¨ lgoldt
?kdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ u/f}+ .
lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no 8f]6L
;Dk"0f{df
xflb{s cg'/f]w
– 8f]6LnfO{
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Dk"0f{ 8f]6Laf;L h'6f}+ .
–
…8f]6Lsf] klxrfg, k"0f{ ;/;kmfO{ xfd|f] cleofgÚ nfO{ ;kmn kf/f}+ .
–
;/;kmfO{nfO{ xfdLn] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kb{5
– 3/af6
lgisg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] lglZrt vf8n agffP/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/f}+ .
–
ljBfnodfkm{t ;/;kmfO{sf] hgr]tgf ;d'bfodf lj:tf/ ug{'k5{ .
–
zf}rfnodf dfq} lbzflkzfj ug{'kb{5 / vfgf vfg' cl3 xft /fd|f];Fu w'g'k5{ eGg]
Go"gtd\ 1fg lbg'kb{5
–
;/;kmfO{af6 ljleGg /f]ux?af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
–
;/;kmfO{df cu|;/ x'g] JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
–
;/;kmfO{ cefjdf nfUg] /f]u tyf hf]lvdaf/] ;a}n] cfˆgf] :t/af6 hgr]tgf km}nfpg'
kb{5 .
;'=k= If]qLo cg'udg tyf
;'kl/j]If0f sfof{no /fhk'/, 8f]6L
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